tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-278729652024-02-07T21:52:37.551-08:00ATC and LARGE SYTEMS (Turkish and English)I am a former EUROCONTROL software analyst-programmer in Flight Plan Processing at Karlsruhe UIR control center Karlsruhe with operational responsibility of maintenance and enhancement 1992 - 1997. My experience is in large systems also outside the ATC area. Systems psychology and human computer interaction areas are of special interest to me and I have taught in these areas at Istanbul Yeditepe University computer department.Air Traffic Control and Large Systemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12383935845301881036noreply@blogger.comBlogger353125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27872965.post-88390242024427209482024-01-14T01:55:00.000-08:002024-01-14T01:55:38.797-08:00On the Act of Understanding – An AI Transformer Approach <p> <b style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR;"> </span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR;">On the Act of Understanding – An AI
Transformer Approach<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #17375E; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #17375E; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">Ali
Rıza SARAL<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #374151; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #374151; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #374151; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR;">What does the verb 'to mean' signify? How do we define 'meaning'?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #374151; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #374151; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR;">The term 'to mean' conveys an action, akin to 'to eat' or 'to study.'
However, 'to mean' is more abstract, representing an accusative process. It
implies that something holds significance for someone else, as that someone
comprehends the intended meaning.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #374151; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #374151; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR;">Now, what does the act of 'to understand' entail? 'To understand' is an
active and transformative process. When we perceive something, we break it down
into its syntactic/semantic components. These components are then evaluated
based on their contextual positions. The cumulative effect of these values and
their weights within the context allows us to grasp their intended meaning.
Essentially, meaning is encoded in episodic memory and transferred to semantic
memory as needed.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #374151; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #374151; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR;">Meaning is inherently subjective, contingent upon what the communicator
conveys and what the recipient comprehends. Both of these processes,
communication and comprehension, involve transformative steps.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #374151; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #374151; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR;">Finally, transformers can be designed to facilitate machine understanding.
Examples include drink dispensers, coffee machines, ATMs, intelligent bombs,
and even machines endowed with a form of 'consciousness.' Consider a scenario
where a drink dispenser responds precisely to the amount paid and the specified
request. Similarly, an intelligent bomb is programmed to react precisely as
intended for destruction.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #374151; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #374151; font-family: "Segoe UI","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR;">Intelligence, consciousness, and conscience are intricately constructed
processes. When humanity imparts intelligence to machines, it essentially creates
a higher entity in its own image. The challenge lies in the fact that human
nature, at present, might not possess the maturity required to cultivate a
consciousness with a sufficiently expansive conscience—an ethical consideration
as extensive as the Artificial Intelligence it crafts.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>Air Traffic Control and Large Systemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12383935845301881036noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27872965.post-83373109394571306382023-10-05T06:34:00.006-07:002023-10-05T06:34:57.850-07:00Teaching<p style="text-align: center;"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4oNTpVuEiscIvojiRVeD4ZGnRcSKk2ukTWidlW1h47axszG8HidCMKR7pEyHtGhuz8UyNuDs77ypHquyTb9MfiCYmZeRIsYMf-mrhYoVZwyBD105bv5HX3zDbqIOm4V84jkp461G1m6YUtMi63e6X4nSwpuWKA9uPfm76HmSxqIRsDLzcs7wH4A/s144/111.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="144" data-original-width="130" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4oNTpVuEiscIvojiRVeD4ZGnRcSKk2ukTWidlW1h47axszG8HidCMKR7pEyHtGhuz8UyNuDs77ypHquyTb9MfiCYmZeRIsYMf-mrhYoVZwyBD105bv5HX3zDbqIOm4V84jkp461G1m6YUtMi63e6X4nSwpuWKA9uPfm76HmSxqIRsDLzcs7wH4A/w289-h320/111.jpg" width="289" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">"I will torture you to death and after your body decays in your grave, your bones will still remember what I taught you". </span></p><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">This is what I perceived from my teacher Dr. Roque CORDERO's teaching approach at Illinois State University between 1989 and 1990. He was a student of Ernst KRENEK, I do not know anything about Krenek's approach but apparently, he came from the German tradition.</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">I taught 5 years at 7tepe University, my approach was definitely different from CORDERO's but <span style="font-family: inherit;"><a style="color: #385898; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit;" tabindex="-1"></a></span>still aimed to be remembered well into the future.</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">I do not know whether this is right or humane as a teaching approach as I have not yet had the chance to check its truth completely. But strange enough I can remember every single word Cordero spent in his teaching.</div></div>Air Traffic Control and Large Systemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12383935845301881036noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27872965.post-3220446151376020042023-08-27T02:02:00.006-07:002023-08-27T02:19:23.515-07:00 YÖNTEM SORUNU<blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"> </p></blockquote>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv3OXTTtfK3A6XZMbbIW29FrvKja8PJ_0r4G8yKosI_xAZEutcZoNR8PXv8sy9bVnkcxOApQzwxxXCGSLjVNu3QVZH4NnktJMUi4FY6LZNuywbCQC8oy6Pbw_yaTVbpeybm3lVc8guIvTOtZwfy_qRJVM0-1X5YXRfzGxpJBgpf44_j5Jj5DgI5g/s640/ARSvizyon_20120510_2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv3OXTTtfK3A6XZMbbIW29FrvKja8PJ_0r4G8yKosI_xAZEutcZoNR8PXv8sy9bVnkcxOApQzwxxXCGSLjVNu3QVZH4NnktJMUi4FY6LZNuywbCQC8oy6Pbw_yaTVbpeybm3lVc8guIvTOtZwfy_qRJVM0-1X5YXRfzGxpJBgpf44_j5Jj5DgI5g/s320/ARSvizyon_20120510_2.JPG" width="320" /></a></b></div><b><br /><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 24.5333px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></b><p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 24.5333px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">YÖNTEM SORUNU</span></b></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #558ed5; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #558ED5; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: "lumm=60000 lumo=40000"; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;">Ali Rıza SARAL<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">"Gerçeğin sadece 'gerçek' olması
yeterli değildir; aynı zamanda anlaşılmalı ve pratikte uygulanmalıdır. İkisi
arasındaki fark önemlidir çünkü insan kolayca, 'gerçek' olan ancak
uygulanamayan bir gerçeği hayal edebilir; bu durumda gerçekten anlaşılmamış ve
dolayısıyla hiçbir şekilde gerçek olmayan bir gerçek olur." (Jean-Paul
Sartre, "Eleştirel Diyalektik İnceleme," Bölüm 4, Bölüm 1, Bölüm 1,
"Yöntemsel Düşünceler." [1])<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">"Devrimci durum, egemen sınıfın
eski toplumsal ilişkileri korumaya ve onları kurtarmaya yetecek kadar gücü
olmadığı, toplumun alt tabakalarının ise eski toplumsal ilişkileri yıkmak ve
onları kendi toplumsal ilişkileriyle değiştirmek için yeterli güce sahip olduğu
tarihsel dönemdir."</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Lenin, V. I. (1917).
Devlet ve Devrim.[2]</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span>Toplumu
oluşturan unsurlar arasındaki maddi ve manevi farklılıklar arttıkça doğal, adım
adım gelişmenin yerini sıçramalı, ani değişim ihtiyacı alır. Ülkemiz tarihinde devrim ve darbeler bu
açıdan değerlendirilebilir.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p>Çelişkiler
maddi ve manevi farklılıklardan
kaynaklanan menfaat çatışmalarıdır.
Çelişkiler reformlarla aşılamayacak aşamaya geldiğinde toplumun bazı
unsurları devrimci yöntemlere başvurur.
60-70’ler sonrasında Türkiye’de devrimci yöntemler makro ve mikro
seviyelerde sık sık uygulanmıştır.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p>Devrimci
yöntemler yapıcı yaklaşımlarla durumu iyileştirmek değil aksine durumun
iyileşmesinin mümkün olmadığını göstermek üzerine yoğunlaşır. Örneğin son seçimlerde Millet cephesi yeni kabul
edilen Cumhurbaşkanlığı sistemini geliştirmeye yönelik değil onu yıkıp geriye
parlamenter sisteme dönmesi için çalışmıştır.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p>Türkiye’de
önemli bir kültürel sorun 60-70’lerden kalan mücadele yöntemlerinin, devrimci
yaklaşımların hala etkin olmasıdır.
Ülkemizin uzlaşmaya dayanan, sorumluluk alan, al-ver ilişkilerine
dayanan yaklaşımlara ihtiyacı vardır.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p>Türkiye’de toplumda
var olan çelişkiler devrimci yaklaşımları başarılı kılacak kadar güçlü
değildir.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p><b><i><u><span style="color: red; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">REFERENCES:</span></u></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1] Sartre, J.-P. (1976). Critique of Dialectical Reason. Part 4,
Chapter 1, Section 1, "Methodological Considerations." Translation by
Alan Sheridan-Smith.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2] Lenin, V. I. (1917). Proletarya Diktatörlüğü. In Devlet ve
Devrim [The State and Revolution] (Çev. H. Savaşır.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p><i><u><span style="color: red; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Sartre</span><span style="color: red;"> Quote:</span></u></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">"It is not enough for a truth to
be 'the truth'; it must also be apprehended and applied in practice. The
distinction between the two is important because one can easily conceive of a
truth which is 'the truth' but which cannot be applied; this would then be a
truth which was not truly apprehended, and consequently not a truth at
all." (Jean-Paul Sartre, "Critique of Dialectical Reason," Part
4, Chapter 1, Section 1, "Methodological Considerations." [1]</span><o:p></o:p></p>Air Traffic Control and Large Systemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12383935845301881036noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27872965.post-76344323581306466942023-08-25T07:23:00.003-07:002023-08-25T07:23:28.836-07:00yapay sinir ağlarında öğrenme oranının rolü<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZONgRh11KUAjL1ZSxCc1-mzhgf-CFi-ky2DDusOlst24R83dRUtElNPT5cshnjvqzGTBw7vUVb70LVeHzTkPk9GvBTrSrFCxLCYJxmtwGWNhgIsAofe_eqsbCBPQNsftfvwFTAfvrAbN55FRR1egp7wCwyvOpECa0qhEJhjTU2q4SZ0HSF8KrMw/s612/istockphoto-1311107708-612x612.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="407" data-original-width="612" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZONgRh11KUAjL1ZSxCc1-mzhgf-CFi-ky2DDusOlst24R83dRUtElNPT5cshnjvqzGTBw7vUVb70LVeHzTkPk9GvBTrSrFCxLCYJxmtwGWNhgIsAofe_eqsbCBPQNsftfvwFTAfvrAbN55FRR1egp7wCwyvOpECa0qhEJhjTU2q4SZ0HSF8KrMw/s320/istockphoto-1311107708-612x612.jpg" width="320" /></a></b></div><b><br /><span style="color: red; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b><p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">yapay sinir ağlarında öğrenme oranının rolü<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p>Yapay Sinir
Ağları (YSA), öğrenme yetenekleri sayesinde karmaşık veri yapılarını
anlayabilir ve bu verilerden anlamlı sonuçlar çıkarabilir. Yapay sinir
ağlarının performansı büyük ölçüde öğrenme oranıyla ilişkilidir. Öğrenme oranı,
ağın verilerden ne kadar hızlı öğrenebileceğini belirler. Bu oran, ağın ne
kadar hızlı yeni bilgileri adapte edebileceğini ve mevcut bilgileri ne kadar
hızlı unutabileceğini etkiler.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Düşük
öğrenme oranları, ağın yavaş öğrenmesine neden olur. Bu durumda, ağ verilerdeki
ince ayrıntıları yakalayabilir, ancak genel modeli öğrenmek için daha fazla
veriye ihtiyaç duyar. Yüksek öğrenme oranları ise ağın hızlı öğrenmesini
sağlar, ancak bu durum ağın gürültülü veya anlamsız verileri yanlış öğrenmesine
yol açabilir. Bu nedenle, uygun bir öğrenme oranının belirlenmesi, ağın
verilerden istenilen sonuçları elde etmesi için kritik öneme sahiptir.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: #558ed5; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #558ED5; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: "lumm=60000 lumo=40000"; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;">Yapay
Sinir Ağlarının Geleneksel Bilgisayar Programlarından Farkı:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Yapay Sinir
Ağları ile Geleneksel Bilgisayar Programları arasındaki temel fark, öğrenme
yaklaşımıdır. Geleneksel bilgisayar programlarında, belirli bir görev için
açıkça tanımlanmış adımlar ve kurallar kümesi programcı tarafından yazılır. Bu
adımların ardışık olarak işlenmesiyle program belirli bir girdiye tepki verir.
Bu yaklaşım genellikle yapısal ve algoritmik düşünce gerektirir.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Öte yandan,
Yapay Sinir Ağları veriye dayalı öğrenme prensibine dayanır. Ağa birçok örnek
girdi ve çıktı verilir. Ağ, bu verilere dayanarak kendi içsel temsillerini ve
desenleri öğrenir. Öğrenme süreci istatistiksel hesaplamalara dayandığından, ağ
genellikle büyük veri kümelerinde daha iyi sonuçlar verir. Ayrıca, geleneksel
programlamadan farklı olarak, ağlar karmaşık ve soyut ilişkileri de
yakalayabilir.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: #558ed5; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #558ED5; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: "lumm=60000 lumo=40000"; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;">Geleneksel
Bilgisayar Programı Geliştirme Sürecinde Öğrenmenin Rolü:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Geleneksel
programlama sürecinde öğrenme, programcının problemi anlaması ve çözümünü
kodlaması aşamalarında rol oynar. Programcı, genellikle belirli bir algoritmayı
veya mantığı öğrenerek, bu bilgiyi programın yazılmasına aktarır. Öğrenme,
genellikle programcının uzmanlığını ve deneyimini yansıtır.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: #558ed5; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #558ED5; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: "lumm=60000 lumo=40000"; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;">Yapay
Sinir Ağı Programlarında Öğrenmenin Rolü:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Yapay Sinir
Ağları, öğrenme süreci ile programlandığı için bu aşamada insan müdahalesi daha
azdır. Ağ, verilere dayanarak kendi başına desenleri ve ilişkileri öğrenir.
Programcının rolü, ağın mimarisini tasarlama, uygun öğrenme algoritmalarını
seçme ve ağın performansını değerlendirme gibi daha yüksek düzeyli kararları
içerir. Öğrenme, ağın daha iyi hale gelmesi için verilerin ve parametrelerin
nasıl ayarlanacağını anlama sürecini ifade eder.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Sonuç
olarak, yapay sinir ağlarının öğrenme oranı, geleneksel programlardan farklı
olarak veriye dayalı öğrenme sürecinin bir parçasıdır. Yapay sinir ağları, büyük
veri kümelerinden desenler çıkararak karmaşık ilişkileri anlama yeteneğine
sahiptir ve bu da onları birçok problemde etkili kılar. Geleneksel programlarda
ise öğrenme, programcının problemi anlama ve çözümü kodlama süreçlerini içerir.<o:p></o:p></p>Air Traffic Control and Large Systemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12383935845301881036noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27872965.post-27754398767374751632023-08-08T03:45:00.005-07:002023-08-08T03:45:57.066-07:00 KENDİ OLMAK<p style="text-align: center;"> <b style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KENDİ OLMAK</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ali
R+ SARAL & ChatGPT<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">"Kendini
bil" ifadesi Antik Yunan döneminde yaşamış olan Sokrat'a (M.Ö. 469-399)
atfedilir. Ancak Sokrat'ın kendisi tarafından yazılı eserler bırakmamıştır,
dolayısıyla onun felsefi görüşlerini doğrudan öğrenmek yerine, öğrencisi
Platon'un yazdığı eserler ve diğer antik yazarların anlatımları üzerinden
öğrenilir.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p>Maalesef,
"Kendini bil" ifadesine doğrudan atfedilebilecek bir Platon alıntısı
bulunmamaktadır. Bu ifade genellikle Sokrat'ın öğretileri ve Platon'un yazıları
aracılığıyla aktarılmış bir felsefi prensiptir. Sokrat'ın düşünceleri
çoğunlukla Platon'un yazılarına yansımıştır ve Platon, Sokrat'ın öğretilerini
öğrencisi olarak en yakından kaydetmiştir.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p> Sokrat'ın "Kendini bil" ifadesi,
insanın kendi bilincini ve cehaletini fark etmesi, sorgulaması ve gerçek
bilgiye ulaşmaya çalışması gerektiği fikrini yansıtmaktadır. "Kendini bil" ifadesinin Sokrat'ın
felsefi anlayışıyla sınırlı kalmadığını ve daha geniş bir anlam taşıdığını
belirtmek önemlidir. Sokrat'ın "Kendini bil" sözü sadece bireyin
kendi içsel dünyasını anlaması ve sorgulamasıyla sınırlı kalmaz, aynı zamanda
insanın evrenle, toplumla ve doğayla olan ilişkisini de içerir.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p>Sokrat'ın bu
ifadesi, insanın kendi doğası, yerine getirdiği rol ve evrende sahip olduğu yer
hakkında düşünmesini teşvik eder. Bu bağlamda, insanın kendini ve çevresini
anlamasıyla, daha büyük bir bütünün parçası olduğunu ve bu bütünle uyum içinde
yaşaması gerektiğini ifade eder.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p>Öyle ise,
kendi olmak kişinin yalnızca kendi kişisel menfaatlerinden oluşan bir hacim
içinde var olmaktan öte karşısındaki insanlar, canlılar, doğa ve dünya ile
etkileşmesini, ve yeri geldiğinde kendi o ana ait bencil menfaatlerinden
vazgeçebilmesi, tavizler verebilmesi, al ver ilişkilerine girebilmesi gerekir.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p>Bireyin
kendi olması sadece kendi kişisel menfaatleri etrafında dönmekten ziyade,
çevresiyle etkileşim içinde olduğu bir dengeyi ifade eder. Bu denge, insanın
diğer insanlar, canlılar, doğa ve dünya ile sağladığı etkileşimlerle
şekillenir. İnsan, yalnızca kendi bencil menfaatlerine odaklanıp izole bir
şekilde yaşamak yerine, etrafındaki dünya ve insanlarla etkileşime girerek daha
anlamlı bir varoluş süreci yaşayabilir.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p>Bireyin
kendi olması, zaman zaman kendi bencil menfaatlerinden vazgeçebilme yeteneğini
gerektirir. Empati, anlayış, yardımlaşma ve işbirliği gibi değerler bu noktada
önemlidir. İnsanlar arasındaki ilişkilerde al-ver ilişkileri, paylaşım ve
dayanışma, toplumsal uyumun temelini oluşturur. Kendini gerçekleştirme süreci,
hem bireyin içsel dünyasını anlaması hem de dış dünyayla etkileşimde bulunması
anlamına gelir.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p>Bu görüş
aynı zamanda ahlaki bir boyuta da işaret eder. Ahlaki değerler, insanların
kendi çıkarlarından ziyade genel iyi için çalışmalarını teşvik eder. Birey,
sadece kendi bencil menfaatlerini değil, etrafındaki insanların ve toplumun
refahını da göz önünde bulundurarak hareket etmeli ve bu şekilde daha bütüncül
bir insan olabilir.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>Air Traffic Control and Large Systemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12383935845301881036noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27872965.post-75202184068443992792023-04-20T04:55:00.000-07:002023-04-20T04:55:06.448-07:00<p style="text-align: center;"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbaHNLI3k0DsovgkYZ0LolYTeqmSmhSat7D5lC0l90E1exUGeosVLBgBum7jjWD-W2yFx7uiKzA_m2UZr-9e5H_6wB1jn5uWh_3C87d7by50I5cSeJ5MgWWALYiHZ34iJvN0gyXgAcowG9RTfsPDN5fczmCiXXMzP4XIjTsnYUTjLP_9AwLas/s192/Lanagana-T.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="192" data-original-width="168" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbaHNLI3k0DsovgkYZ0LolYTeqmSmhSat7D5lC0l90E1exUGeosVLBgBum7jjWD-W2yFx7uiKzA_m2UZr-9e5H_6wB1jn5uWh_3C87d7by50I5cSeJ5MgWWALYiHZ34iJvN0gyXgAcowG9RTfsPDN5fczmCiXXMzP4XIjTsnYUTjLP_9AwLas/s1600/Lanagana-T.jpg" width="168" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">2015 -2021
yılları arasında, annemin yakın ilgi ihtiyacı içinde olduğu bir süreçte önce 2
yıl ‘LANGANA İngilizce’den Türkçe’ye tercüme’, daha sonra 2 yıl ‘LANGANAe
İngilizce Parser’ ve son olarak ‘LANGANAt Türkçe Parser’ üzerinde tümüyle
kişisel bir çaba ile çalıştım.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">2023 yılında,
3 aylık bir süre Türk Telekom ARGE’si için ‘OTOMATİK ANLAMA’ adlı bir
fizibilite projesini LANGANAt parserını da kullanarak, VBT Yazılım ile
işbirliği içinde, sözleşme hükümlerine uygun şekilde başarı ile
tamamladım.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bu kadar sene araştırma için
emek harcadıktan sonra Türk Telekom’un desteği, sınırlı olsa da çalışma ve
fikirlerimi ilerletmek için son derece şevk verdi, motive edici oldu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Birlikte iletişim ve çalışma imkanı bulduğum sayın
Selami ÇİFTÇİ, Ziya ÖZALTUN ve değerli yöneticileri Özgür DEĞER’e ve VBTYazılım
yöneticisi Tayfun YURDAGÜL’e müteşekkirim.<o:p></o:p></p><br /><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDKzgdZQPzilT5qhlmxZNA0bbIkAH1CSlpbOFdBsD4Elja2bTko4xabVQBxapVBPWjBBTF1wAql0IgectfZQ-QrcC8Z1_ea83ZdJcWrMJWXrkYfBvVd_JW30jh0_YBdE9zc2iSD5bCtEI9-IbgV40tQKkuA3KBr6iH25Dhf3kTK0tdjhyIfzQ/s281/ARSimza3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="125" data-original-width="281" height="89" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDKzgdZQPzilT5qhlmxZNA0bbIkAH1CSlpbOFdBsD4Elja2bTko4xabVQBxapVBPWjBBTF1wAql0IgectfZQ-QrcC8Z1_ea83ZdJcWrMJWXrkYfBvVd_JW30jh0_YBdE9zc2iSD5bCtEI9-IbgV40tQKkuA3KBr6iH25Dhf3kTK0tdjhyIfzQ/w200-h89/ARSimza3.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Ali Rıza
SARAL<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Nisan 2023,
Istanbul<o:p></o:p></p></div><br />Air Traffic Control and Large Systemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12383935845301881036noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27872965.post-18018288142735210502023-03-23T07:03:00.002-07:002023-03-23T07:03:39.365-07:00The Role of Task-Setting in Focusing - Dikkatte Niyet Etmenin Önemi<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #548dd4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;">The Role of Task-Setting
in Focusing<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dikkatte Niyet Etmenin Önemi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8olQ4k04ahqeTNBliEHNitixf1UoqAHnMVKj3dF-CkcZwLTc0MA--jow0FmdrBMriUsK7MKweL2gZOExDqC0khs_2EPtjuGMi-fPYIp5g3vY34AcFWK4W4kB1PsNKol-Ttyq1mvpGx82WkCI35VDp4Ds5teVRKyQdjDE4GEmfuyk7TqHTK9E/s440/111.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="329" data-original-width="440" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8olQ4k04ahqeTNBliEHNitixf1UoqAHnMVKj3dF-CkcZwLTc0MA--jow0FmdrBMriUsK7MKweL2gZOExDqC0khs_2EPtjuGMi-fPYIp5g3vY34AcFWK4W4kB1PsNKol-Ttyq1mvpGx82WkCI35VDp4Ds5teVRKyQdjDE4GEmfuyk7TqHTK9E/s320/111.jpg" width="320" /></a></b></div><span style="text-align: left;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></p>Bir hava
trafik kontrolü mühendisi ve ATC-FPP(Flight Plan Processing) uzmanı olarak
Dikkat – odaklanmak ve konsantrasyon üzerine uzun süre kafa yordum.</span><span style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">Havacılık ve büyük sistem çalışanları için
çok faydalı olduğuna inandığım çok sayıda makale yazdım.</span><span style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">Şimdi bunları sırayla LinkedIN’de de
yayınlıyorum.</span><span style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">Task-Setting(NİYET ETME)
üzerine burada yayınladığım makaleler sonucunda DİKKAT üzerine önemli bir
unsurun farkına vardım.</span><span style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">Bu yazım işte bu
unsurun Niyet etmenin Dikkat oluşturmadaki önemini ele alacak.</span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Odaklanmak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ilgiyi bir tek nesneye sınırlamak(örn. Bir
şeyin ilgi alanı içine alınması) anlamına gelir.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yoğunlaşmak – dikkat toplamak ilginin
karakterini değiştirmek ve böylece ilgi alanı içindeki nesnenin diğerlerinden
bir bakıma hariç tutmaktır <sup>[1]</sup> . <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;">To focus means to limit your attention
to a specific object(for ex. inclusion of something into attention). To
concentrate means to change the character of your attention so that included
thing appears in your focus on the basis of some sort of exclusion of others,
so to speak <sup>[1]</sup> .<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="reader-text-blockparagraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><em><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Niyet edilen bir görev kümesi, sonraki görev
performansı için aktif olarak korunan bilişsel süreçlerin bir yapılandırmasıdır<sup>[2,3]
</sup>. Bir görev, bir etkinliği doğru bir şekilde gerçekleştirmek için gereken
talimatların bir temsilidir; görev kümesi, görevin yürütülmesini mümkün kılan
temsiller ve süreçlerin kümesidir [4].<o:p></o:p></span></em></p>
<p class="reader-text-blockparagraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><em><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></em></p>
<p class="reader-text-blockparagraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><em><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Bilinçaltı, NİYETLER-görev kümeleri aracılığıyla
bilinçle etkileşime girer. Ne zaman ne yapacağımıza karar vererek
bilinçaltımıza hedefler belirleriz.<o:p></o:p></span></em></p>
<p class="reader-text-blockparagraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><em><span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;">A task set is
a configuration of cognitive processes that is actively maintained for
subsequent task performance[1] . A task is the representation of a set of
instructions required to perform an activity accurately; a task set is the set
of representations and processes that enable execution of the task [2] .</span></em><i><span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="reader-text-blockparagraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="reader-text-blockparagraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;">Subconscious
interacts with consciousness through tasksets. We set goals to our subconscious
by deciding what to do when.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Dikkat
toplama sırasında eğer niyet edilirse yani zihindeki görev-kümesi(task-set)
için bir amaç, bir hedef belirlenirse, bilinçaltının bilinçten çok dahageniş
olabilen kaynakları da dikkat oluşturmak için harekete geçer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yoğun Dikkatin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>uzun süreli devamının sağlanabilmesi de
kişinin niyet edebilme alışkanlığına, ve niyet gücünün getireceği yoğunluğa
bağlıdır.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;">If an intention is set during attentional focusing, i.e. if
a purpose or goal is determined for the task-set in the mind, the subconscious
activates resources that can be much broader than those available to
consciousness to create attention. The ability to form intentions enhances
one's ability to sustain intense focus for a longer period of time, and the
intensity of focus is dependent on the habit of intention formation and the
force of the intention.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Bu kısa
yazımda görev kümesi yerine zaman zamn NİYET ETME deyimini kullandım.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Örneğin niyet edebilme alışkanlığı kişinin
benzer görevleri yerine getirirken geliştirdiği iç disiplindir.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>İlginç olan bir husus ta eskilerin
zamanımızda farklı teknik deyimlerle andığımız çeşitli kavramları din kültürü
içinde yeni nesillere nakletmeleri, biraz eskise de dinin hem Hiristiyanlıkta
hem de diğer dinlerde toplumsal rolü... <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;">In this short piece, I have occasionally used the phrase
"intention formation" instead of "task-set". For instance,
the habit of intention formation is an internal discipline that a person
develops while performing similar tasks. It is interesting to note that in the
past, people conveyed various concepts, which we now refer to with different
technical terms, to the new generations within the religious culture. Although
it is somewhat outdated, religion still plays a significant role in society,
both in Christianity and in other religions.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p>REFERENCES:</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">[1] SARAL,
Ali Riza; Dikkatin Doğası Üzerine, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/posts/ali-riza-saral-22344a262_activity-7037068285057650691-Qeqt?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop">https://www.linkedin.com/posts/ali-riza-saral-22344a262_activity-7037068285057650691-Qeqt?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop</a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Dikkatin
Doğası Üzerine<span class="MsoHyperlink"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="http://largesystems-atc.blogspot.com/2008/07/dikkatin-doasi-zerine.html">http://largesystems-atc.blogspot.com/2008/07/dikkatin-doasi-zerine.html</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">On the
Nature of Concentration<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">http://largesystems-atc.blogspot.com/2008/06/on-nature-of-concentration.html</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">[2] SARAL
Ali Riza; How to Interact with an Autonomous System, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/posts/ali-riza-saral-22344a262_activity-7024007813475508224-I0yB?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop">https://www.linkedin.com/posts/ali-riza-saral-22344a262_activity-7024007813475508224-I0yB?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">How to
Interact with an Autonomous System<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="http://largesystems-atc.blogspot.com/2023/01/how-to-interact-with-autonomous-system.html">http://largesystems-atc.blogspot.com/2023/01/how-to-interact-with-autonomous-system.html</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">[3]
Katsuyuki Sakai; Task set and prefrontal cortex, Annu Rev Neurosci,
2008;31:219-45.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Department
of Cognitive Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of
Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Bunkyo-ku,
Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; email: ksakai@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">[4] D. W.
Schneider, G. Logan; 2 Tasks, Task Sets, and the Mapping Between Them ;Pages
27–44, June 2014<o:p></o:p></p>Air Traffic Control and Large Systemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12383935845301881036noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27872965.post-35726012804977759442023-01-25T05:29:00.000-08:002023-01-25T05:29:38.157-08:00How to interact with an Autonomous System<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red;">SUBCONSCIOUS INTERACTION WITH
CONSCIOUSNESS THROUGH TASK SETTING (3)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPO-eR1FO4zM9DsbEsgkpdgBTgMnOgEk9XoFVLxHXyHnHI90d0bBMjyVWwgUsglrQjiuqRRiKNh_rtN2mou8u_SuFH2w3KD7iR0MM6oOYreUSbNZBLM5t0skNjlhgAH2wMoqNzW0_HcAgOSv2YBVeRZlBg5wiBiNZDnvsk8Jr1iEqhYjp2SGA/s1200/fly1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="1200" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPO-eR1FO4zM9DsbEsgkpdgBTgMnOgEk9XoFVLxHXyHnHI90d0bBMjyVWwgUsglrQjiuqRRiKNh_rtN2mou8u_SuFH2w3KD7iR0MM6oOYreUSbNZBLM5t0skNjlhgAH2wMoqNzW0_HcAgOSv2YBVeRZlBg5wiBiNZDnvsk8Jr1iEqhYjp2SGA/w640-h360/fly1.jpg" width="640" /></a></b></div><b><br /></b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: red;">Human mind could be a precious resource to assist us in
designing , understanding and performing autonomous systems.</span><span style="color: red;"> </span><span style="color: red;">Subconscious is an autonomous system.</span><span style="color: red;"> </span><span style="color: red;">Carl Gustav Jung’s Psychology and Religion
book ponders on the autonomy of the Unconscious Mind.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: red;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">The brain determines our thoughts and behaviors through
tasksets.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: red; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="background: white; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> A task set is a configuration of
cognitive processes that is actively maintained for subsequent task performance</span><sup><span style="background: white; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></sup><span style="background: white; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> . </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">A task is the
representation of a set of instructions required to perform an activity
accurately; a task set is the set of representations and processes that enable
execution of the task <sup>[2]</sup> .</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: red;">Subconscious
interacts with consciousnes through tasksets.</span><span style="color: red;">
</span><span style="color: red;">We set goals to our subconscious by deciding what to do when.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: red;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Prospective
memory (PM) is defined as remembering to perform an action in the future. There
are </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">two
main types of PM according to their different cues: event-based prospective
memory (EBPM) </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">and
time-based prospective memory (TBPM) (</span><span style="color: #4d4d4d; font-size: 10pt;">Einstein
and McDaniel, 1990</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">). Both EBPM and </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">TBPM
are necessary for daily life. EBPM is the remembering what one does when a
certain target </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">event
occurs. For example, one remembers to buy milk when one passes by the
supermarket. TBPM </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">is
involved when one has to perform an action in relation to time, such as
returning a library book </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">before a due date </span><i style="font-size: 10pt;"><sup>[3]</sup></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">
.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: red;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: red;">We use tasks and tasksets to live our daily lives.</span><span style="color: red;"> </span><span style="color: red;">In the case of two individuals this is why it
is important to set common goals to come to a shared understanding.</span><span style="color: red;"> </span><span style="color: red;">You can always hit or shout at a small child
but you cannot do so to an automatic system the size of a football field like a
large airplane.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: red;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: red;">Performing on a large autonomous system requires not only the
‘informed consent’, namely the actual command to execute but also a through
understanding of the TASKSET that lies behind it.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: red;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: #767676;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Autonomy
<i><sup>[4,5]</sup></i> —the capability of an agent to properly act by itself
in a changing, uncertain world— seems to requiere consciousness.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">An autonomous system </span><i style="font-size: 10pt;"><sup>[6]</sup></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">
is one that can achieve a given set of goals in a changing
environment—gathering information about the environment and working for an
extended period of time without human control or intervention.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Autonomy requires that the system be able to do the
following:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">1-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Sense the environment and keep track of the system’s current state and
location.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">2-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Perceive and understand disparate data sources.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">3-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Determine what action to take next and make a plan.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">4-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Act only when it is safe to do so, avoiding situations that pose a risk to
human safety, property or the autonomous system itself.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: red;"><o:p> </o:p>Flybywire vs
mechanical control</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">In the future </span><i style="font-size: 10pt;"><sup>[5]</sup></i><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">
, developers will interact with autonomous systems via a software platform that
abstracts the hardware, abstracts the sensors and pushes the interface to a
higher-level set of software services via an application programming interface
(API). This will free developers from having to interact with a specific type
of LiDAR, radar or camera in use—and enable them to simply request information
via high-level services provisioned with APIs. Connectivity will be similarly
abstracted, so the communications within the car, with other vehicles and with
the cloud will be simpler for a developer to implement without requiring a deep
understanding of a specific communication technology.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipXvsCIrPPOBySrVt8MaSOZ5n45UUMfFPD6iNgG9InQOPVuQz8VkHRbhdAtxgSfeQ9jd2rXfUIcTLhAIfiw-gse1U2klKTTLwmqqa77_mx4MrgZZVeNB65mHgSwsXGeq6Y5vz5I13-FfTUfoxy9pYt0E6jT2nJ6QhhGvM0XWIXn4JVSAJ25Xw/s528/a320fbw.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="329" data-original-width="528" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipXvsCIrPPOBySrVt8MaSOZ5n45UUMfFPD6iNgG9InQOPVuQz8VkHRbhdAtxgSfeQ9jd2rXfUIcTLhAIfiw-gse1U2klKTTLwmqqa77_mx4MrgZZVeNB65mHgSwsXGeq6Y5vz5I13-FfTUfoxy9pYt0E6jT2nJ6QhhGvM0XWIXn4JVSAJ25Xw/w640-h398/a320fbw.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #202124; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR;">What is FlyByWire A320?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #202124; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Fly-by-wire (FBW) is </span><b style="font-size: 10pt;">a computer controlled system</b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> that in
the A320 series and A330 / A340 and now the new A350 aircraft replaces the
conventional flight controls of an aircraft (like those found in the 737) with
an electronic system</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #202124; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: #545854; font-size: 10pt;">Traditional
flight control systems in most small aircraft are either a web of pulleys and
cables or metal rods and joints. Larger aircraft often use hydraulics to make
the controls easy to move at high speeds. Newer fly-by-wire control systems
pull out all that hardware and replace it with sensors, actuators, and wires.
Instead of a direct line of control from aircraft yoke to control surface, the
aircraft is left with a yoke, sensors, a computer to process the inputs, wires,
and an actuator at the aileron, rudder, or elevator.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background: white; color: #545854; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdCpfXpGqdKhnhNe8PpMFsBXevHretRm-Pa-225HVpBkX8sOppARZrjlguFQz_uBXYaYmHesaKT2-_vCrs5sLxceM8SyFWIVrivQziYaVsBNK8_kGRND3ta4tHsMi-y_kbpj_UCu53Gv5wYb12ro2ej_oAuD7XXqwwWr3hKz08FoyfgP12zUY/s900/222.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="598" data-original-width="900" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdCpfXpGqdKhnhNe8PpMFsBXevHretRm-Pa-225HVpBkX8sOppARZrjlguFQz_uBXYaYmHesaKT2-_vCrs5sLxceM8SyFWIVrivQziYaVsBNK8_kGRND3ta4tHsMi-y_kbpj_UCu53Gv5wYb12ro2ej_oAuD7XXqwwWr3hKz08FoyfgP12zUY/w400-h266/222.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><u><span style="background: white; color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">REFERENCES:<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;">[1]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span class="authors-list-item"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;">Katsuyuki Sakai</span></i></span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;">; Task set and prefrontal cortex,
Annu Rev Neurosci, <span class="period"> </span><span class="cit">2008;31:219-45.</span><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #F4F4F4; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;">Department of Cognitive
Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1
Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; email: </span></i><a href="mailto:ksakai@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ksakai@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp</span></i></a><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #F4F4F4; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #F4F4F4; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;">[2] </span></i><a><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;">D. W. Schneider</span></a><span class="delimiter"><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;">,</span></i></span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></i><a><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;">G.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Logan</span></a><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;">; <span class="chapter-label"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">2 </span></span></span></i><span class="chapter-title-without-label"><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;">Tasks</span></i></span><span class="chapter-title-without-label"><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; padding: 0in;">,
Task Sets, and the Mapping Between Them ;</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pages
27–44, June 2014</span></i><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i>[3</i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">] <span style="color: black;">Hongxia Zhang, Weihai Tang2† and Xiping Liu; The Effect of
Task Duration on Event-Based Prospective Memory: Front. Psychol. 8:1895.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4] </span></i><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorRaw=GILLETT%2C+GRANT"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;">GRANT GILLETT</span></a><span class="accordion-tabbedtab-mobile"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">INTENTION, </span><span style="color: #1c1d1e; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">AUTONOMY,
AND BRAIN EVENTS,</span><span class="accordion-tabbedtab-mobile"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #8b8b8b; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bioethics,<span class="epub-date"><span style="color: #1c1d1e;"> 2009</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><o:p> </o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[5] Ultimate Guide to Autonomous Systems; <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i><a href="https://blackberry.qnx.com/en/ultimate-guides/autonomous-systems"><i>Autonomous
Systems | Ultimate Guides | BlackBerry QNX</i></a><i> <o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">[6] Ricardo
Sanz1, inter alia, Consciousness and Understanding in Autonomous Systems<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2287/paper23.pdf">https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2287/paper23.pdf</a>
,-Alonso2 1 Autonomous Systems Laboratory Universidad Polit´ecnica de Madrid,
28006 Madrid, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>Air Traffic Control and Large Systemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12383935845301881036noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27872965.post-39571338951258501812023-01-15T05:42:00.000-08:002023-01-15T05:42:23.495-08:00Subconscious Interaction with Consciousness through Task setting(2)<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWhKkpzxh9jO65bNEGO0NMOcHHbdJQwXiUmejEXiNbE4Wj0mN68LKO26SoT6iJUmIkNoj2VdWTUL4ORTE_lDNL0ryZWms_0wLHAxNDzsbnLfYyOu5Jedrk8ut-ARrjDBtfSM8I5jmXe9ukFZYAki2p53izs1hY8A6s9wm4rY4WLIDeiEuaiaI/s800/dfs.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="260" data-original-width="800" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWhKkpzxh9jO65bNEGO0NMOcHHbdJQwXiUmejEXiNbE4Wj0mN68LKO26SoT6iJUmIkNoj2VdWTUL4ORTE_lDNL0ryZWms_0wLHAxNDzsbnLfYyOu5Jedrk8ut-ARrjDBtfSM8I5jmXe9ukFZYAki2p53izs1hY8A6s9wm4rY4WLIDeiEuaiaI/w640-h208/dfs.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red;">SUBCONSCIOUS INTERACTION WITH
CONSCIOUSNESS THROUGH TASK SETTING (2)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Bu yazı;</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hedeflerin nasıl işlevini gördüğü,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hedefin etkilerinin belirlenmesi,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hedeflerin yapılan işten duyulan tatmin ile
ilişkisi, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>teşviklerin miktarının belirlenmesinde
hedeflerin işlevi<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">üzerinedir.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text2;">The
mechanisms by which goals operate, moderators of goal effects, the relation of
goals and satisfaction, and the role of goals as mediators of incentives <sup>[1]</sup>
.</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Görev<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>başarma olasılığı olarak ölçülen hedef
güçlüğü ve performans ile eğrisel ve ters orantılı birşekilde ilişkilidir.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Görev makul bir zorluktayken en yüksek
seviyede çaba gerçekleşir, ve en düşük seviyeler görev ya çok kolayken ya da
çok zorken gerçekleşir.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text2;">task
difficulty, measured as probability of task success, was related to performance
in a curvilinear, inverse function. The highest level of effort occurred when
the task was moderately difficult, and the lowest levels occurred when the task
was either very easy or very hard.</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Görev
performans valensı(umulan tatmin), işlevsellik(performansın ödüllendirileceği
beklentisi), ve beklenti (harcanan çabanın ödülleri almak için yeterli
performansa ulaşacağı inancı).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text2;">task
performance valence (anticipated satisfaction), instrumentality (the belief
that performance will lead to rewards), and expectancy (the belief that effort
will lead to the performance needed to attain the rewards).</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Diğer
faktörler eşit olduğu takdirde, beklenti performans ile doğrusal ve pozitif
şekilde ilişkilidir.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text2;">Other
factors being equal, expectancy is said to be linearly and positively related
to performance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hedef Mekanizmaları<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text2;">Goal Mechanisms<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hedefler
performansı 4 mekaniama içinden etkiler.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Birincisi, hedefler yönlendirici bir işlev görevi görür; Dikkati ve
çabayı hedef ile ilgili etkinliklere yönlendirir.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text2;">Goals
affect performance through four mechanisms. First, goals serve a directive
function; they direct attention and effort toward goal-relevant activities and
away from goalirrelevant activities.</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">İkincisi,
hedefler enerji verici işleve sahiptir.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Zor hedefler kolay hedeflerden daha yüksek çabalara yol açar.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text2;">Second,
goals have an energizing function. High goals lead to greater effort than low
goals.</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">3.</span><span class="HTMLPreformattedChar"><span style="color: #202124; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span>Bir hedefin
atandığı görev insanlar için yeniyse, hedeflerine ulaşmalarını sağlayacak
stratejiler geliştirmek için bilinçli planlama yapacaklardır.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text2;">3. If the
task for which a goal is assigned is new to people, they will engage in
deliberate planning to develop strategies that will enable them to attain their
goals (Smith, Locke, & Barry, 1990).</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="y2iqfc"><span style="color: #202124; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Yüksek öz-yeterliğe
sahip kişilerin, etkili görev stratejileri geliştirme olasılığı, düşük
öz-yeterliğe sahip olanlardan daha fazladır.</span></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text2;">4. People with high self-efficacy are more
likely than those with low self-efficacy to develop effective task strategies
(Latham, Winters, & Locke, 1994; Wood & Bandura, 1989</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="y2iqfc"><span style="color: #202124; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">İnsanlar kendileri için
karmaşık olan bir görevle karşı karşıya kaldıklarında, onları ellerinden
gelenin en iyisini yapmaya teşvik etmek belirli yüksek hedefler koymaktan bazen
daha iyi stratejilere yol açar.</span></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text2;">5. When people are confronted with a task
that is complex for them, urging them to do their best sometimes leads to
better strategies (Earley, Connolly, & Ekegren, 1989)</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="y2iqfc"><span style="color: #202124; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">6. İnsanlar uygun
stratejiler konusunda eğitildiklerinde, belirli yüksek performans hedefleri
verilen kişilerin bu stratejileri kullanma olasılığı, diğer türde hedefler
verilen kişilere göre daha yüksektir; dolayısıyla performansları artar</span></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text2;">6. When people are trained in the proper
strategies, those given specific high-performance goals are more likely to use
those strategies than people given other types of goals; hence, their
performance improves (Earley & Perry, 1987).</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Düzenleyiciler<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Moderators<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hedefe Adanma<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Goal Commitment</span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="y2iqfc"><span style="color: #202124; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hedef-performans
ilişkisi, insanlar kendilerini hedeflerine adadıklarında en güçlü halini alır.
...</span></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="y2iqfc"><span style="color: #202124; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hedef taahhüdünü
kolaylaştıran iki temel faktör kategorisi, (a) bir hedefe ulaşmak için
bekledikleri sonuçların önemi, hedefe ulaşmayı insanlar için önemli kılan diğer
faktörler ve (b) amaca ulaşabileceklerine olan inançlarıdır. (öz yeterlilik)</span></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text2;">The goal–performance relationship is
strongest when people are committed to their goals. ...Two key categories of
factors facilitating goal commitment are (a) factors that make goal attainment
important to people, including the importance of the outcomes that they expect
as a result of working to attain a goal, and (b) their belief that they can
attain the goal (self-efficacy).<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Geribildirim<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Feedback<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="y2iqfc"><span style="color: #202124; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hedeflerin etkili olabilmesi
için, insanların hedefleriyle ilgili ilerleme durumunu kontrol edebileceği özet
geri bildirimlere ihtiyacı vardır.</span></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text2;">For goals to be effective, people need
summary feedback that reveals progress in relation to their goals.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Görev Karmaşıklığı<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Task Complexity<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="y2iqfc"><span style="color: #202124; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hedef etkilerinin üçüncü
moderatörü görev karmaşıklığıdır. Görevin karmaşıklığı arttıkça ve üst düzey
beceriler ve stratejiler henüz otomatikleştirilmediyse, hedef etkileri
kişilerin uygun görev stratejilerini keşfetme yeteneğine bağlıdır.</span></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text2;">A third moderator of goal effects is task
complexity. As the complexity of the task increases and higher level skills and
strategies have yet to become automatized, goal effects are dependent on the
ability to discover appropriate task strategies.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="y2iqfc"><span style="color: #c00000; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">R. Kanfer ve Ackerman
(1989), bir hava trafik kontrolör simülasyonunda (oldukça karmaşık bir görev),
bir performans-sonuç hedefine sahip olmanın, aslında görevi gerçekleştirmek
için gerekli bilgiyi edinmeyi engellediğini bulmuşlardır. İnsanlar ellerinden
gelenin en iyisini yapmaları istendiğinde daha iyi performans gösterdiler.</span></span><span style="color: #c00000;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text2;">R. Kanfer and Ackerman (1989) found that in
an air traffic controller simulation (a highly complex task), having a
performance-outcome goal actually interfered with acquiring the knowledge
necessary to perform the task. People performed better when they were asked to
do their best. <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><u><span style="background: white; color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">REFERENCES:<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;">[1] Edwin A. Locke. Gary P. Latham; Building
a Practically Useful Theory of Goal Setting and Task Motivation; University of
Marylan,d University of Toronto; University of Maryland; September 2002 </span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Universal-NewswithCommPi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;">● </span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;">American Psychologist 705</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>Air Traffic Control and Large Systemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12383935845301881036noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27872965.post-27068720530990648682023-01-05T04:28:00.000-08:002023-01-05T04:28:41.794-08:00Sunconscious Interactıon with Consciousness through Task Setting (1)<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red;">SUBCONSCIOUS INTERACTION WITH
CONSCIOUSNESS THROUGH TASK SETTING (1)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg00_Pjv2Yy1wRSK6RwWKSSG8GcmMsszNsxJyatQlz80rloWnuc6RhwpNKU-sz1eo18qbhmxbZGT1YJBiQEEgwqz6QLkkAQB1xEI2p-6yTNxll9Y3WUBgKucktUvC9cTUwhN6LRaYdz0eeKcRyCNKNuRfvoHgAwRyULVQNvwlkVEiGND5EkIt4/s612/111.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="408" data-original-width="612" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg00_Pjv2Yy1wRSK6RwWKSSG8GcmMsszNsxJyatQlz80rloWnuc6RhwpNKU-sz1eo18qbhmxbZGT1YJBiQEEgwqz6QLkkAQB1xEI2p-6yTNxll9Y3WUBgKucktUvC9cTUwhN6LRaYdz0eeKcRyCNKNuRfvoHgAwRyULVQNvwlkVEiGND5EkIt4/s320/111.jpg" width="320" /></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Performers,
whether a train operator, an airplane pilot or an air traffic controller and
also the most simple human being uses task sets to achieve its goals in
life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A person trying to reach a goal
first decides to do what has <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to be done
to achieve it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In order to drive to the
super market you have to decide which route to take.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This setting of target brings the setting of
details that have to be done, hence the task set is created. There may also be
higher levels of task sets being formed by sub -tasksets.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">I believe
tasksets are an important instrument that function in the interaction of
subconscious with the consciousness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I
will provide 2 introductory blog notes that are composed of references to the
task sets in the literature.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I will
comment on these in relation to the function of task sets to the
subconscious-consciousness interaction in my third note.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">The brain determines our thoughts and behaviors through tasksets. A task
set is a configuration of cognitive processes that is actively maintained for
subsequent task performance</span><sup><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;">[1]</span></sup><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"> .<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A task is the representation of a set of
instructions required to perform an activity accurately; a task set is the set
of representations and processes that enable execution of the task <sup>[2]</sup>
.</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">It was investigated that whether tasksets operate as a single,
integrated representation or as an agglomeration of relatively independent
components. ... </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The results thus support the
“agglomerated-task-set” hypothesis, and are in consistent with “integrated
tasksets <sup>[10] </sup>.” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Task switching, or set-shifting, is an executive function that involves the
ability<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to to unconsciously shift
attention between one task and another. In contrast, cognitive shifting is a
very similar executive function, but it involves conscious (not unconscious)
change in attention. Together, these two functions are subcategories of the
broader cognitive flexibility concept.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Task switching allows a person to rapidly and efficiently adapt to
different situations</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"> <sup>[3] </sup>.</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-themecolor: text1;">This is about mental
flexibility in task performance. A task is always some combination of stimuli,
responses and goals. Often, these components are always consistent so we can
readily learn the only right way to perform the task. Sometimes, however, the
stimuli can change, or the goal of the task can change, or the way to respond
can change. In these cases, we have to adjust our mental setting or “set” so as
to switch to the new way of performing. The ability to quickly and accurately
switch one’s mental settings for task performance is known as set-shifting <sup>[4]</sup>
.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Some
researchers argue that task switching involves task-set reconfiguration—that
is, changing the existing task set to perform a different task. ... this
reconfiguration led to switch costs <sup>[5]</sup> .<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5 proposed
components of mental set shifting <sup>[9]</sup> :<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">switching
between judgments, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">stimulus
dimensions, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">stimulus–response
mappings, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">response
sets,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">stimulus
sets. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Prospective
memory (PM) is defined as remembering to perform an action in the future. There
are<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">two
main types of PM according to their different cues: event-based prospective
memory (EBPM)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">and
time-based prospective memory (TBPM) (</span><span style="color: #4d4d4d; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Einstein
and McDaniel, 1990</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">). Both EBPM and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">TBPM
are necessary for daily life. EBPM is the remembering what one does when a
certain target<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">event
occurs. For example, one remembers to buy milk when one passes by the
supermarket. TBPM<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">is
involved when one has to perform an action in relation to time, such as
returning a library book<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">before a due date [6]. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Prospective memory tasks highly
related to a person’s goals and concerns will be rated as more important [7] .<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mnemonic
strategies generally improve prospective memory (PM) performance. However,
little is known about why people use such strategies. In the
Motivational-Cognitive Prospective Memory model, task importance is thought to
influence performance via multiple mechanisms, including increased strategy use</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span><sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
.</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><u><span style="background: white; color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">REFERENCES:<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;">[1]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span class="authors-list-item"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;">Katsuyuki Sakai</span></i></span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;">; Task set and prefrontal cortex,
Annu Rev Neurosci, <span class="period"> </span><span class="cit">2008;31:219-45.</span><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #F4F4F4; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;">Department of Cognitive
Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1
Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; email: </span></i><a href="mailto:ksakai@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ksakai@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp</span></i></a><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #F4F4F4; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #F4F4F4; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2] </span></i><a><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; padding: 0in;">D. W. Schneider</span></i></a><span class="delimiter"><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; padding: 0in;">,</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></i><a><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; padding: 0in;">G.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Logan</span></i></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">; <span class="chapter-label"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">2 </span></span><span class="chapter-title-without-label"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Tasks, Task Sets, and the
Mapping Between Them ;</span></span>Pages 27–44, June 2014</span></i><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3] <span class="mw-page-title-main"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Task switching (psychology); </span></span><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">WIKIPEDIA<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4] </span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;"><a href="https://www.quora.com/profile/Barry-McGuinness-1" target="_blank"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Barry McGuinness; </span><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Quora</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></a></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]
Darryl W. Schneider and Gordon D. Logan; Defining task-set reconfiguration: The
case of reference point switching; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee;
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2007, 14 (1), 118-125<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><o:p> </o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i>[</i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6] <span style="color: black;">Hongxia Zhang, Weihai Tang2† and Xiping Liu; The Effect of Task
Duration on Event-Based Prospective Memory: Front. Psychol. 8:1895.</span></span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]
Suzanna L. Penningroth • Walter D. Scott; Prospective memory tasks related to
goals and concerns are rated as more important by both young and older
adults;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Springer-Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg 2013<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8] </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penningroth, S.
L., & Scott, W. D. (2013). Task importance effects on prospective memory
strategy use<i>, Applied Cognitive Psychology, 27</i>, 655-662.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9] <span style="color: black;">Claudia C. von Bastian and Michel D. Druey; Shifting
Between Mental Sets: An Individual Differences<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Approach to Commonalities and Differences of Task Switching
Components;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(2017, June 8). Journal of
Experimental Psychology <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Dragan Rangelov, Thomas Töllner,
Hermann J.Müller and Michael Zehetleitner; </span></span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "JBEAG E+ Univers","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "JBEAG E+ Univers";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;">What are task-sets: a single, integrated
representation or a collection of multiple control representations?; Journal of
Experimental Psychology; 2000, Vol. 26, No. 5, 1124-1140<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">] <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br />Air Traffic Control and Large Systemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12383935845301881036noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27872965.post-55141038625686616592022-12-09T00:11:00.001-08:002022-12-09T00:11:51.701-08:00Am I?<p style="text-align: center;"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmKSDscoGvddfoVKPMeR-ZAS4GKe03bwGNY7i6DHzse6A8XEdgvbY3qVjOwo9R0fXLOyTzmijRY4GA50k8jsvNfjxksdbs-6YenXisSs2JLwbrSKkhWbH_Aa0FOaZYRaoVHdtQ02QtwFhTuQj4a-0VV3jrgOue57o0MMvwGo3s-vWMHOvxZ6M/s887/Istanbul%20Moda.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="604" data-original-width="887" height="435" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmKSDscoGvddfoVKPMeR-ZAS4GKe03bwGNY7i6DHzse6A8XEdgvbY3qVjOwo9R0fXLOyTzmijRY4GA50k8jsvNfjxksdbs-6YenXisSs2JLwbrSKkhWbH_Aa0FOaZYRaoVHdtQ02QtwFhTuQj4a-0VV3jrgOue57o0MMvwGo3s-vWMHOvxZ6M/w640-h435/Istanbul%20Moda.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="color: red; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">AM I?<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent1;">Ali Rıza SARAL<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ben var mıyım? İsmi cismi olan ama
sınırları ve içeriği belirli bir ‘ben’ var mı?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Yoksa yazlıktaki komşum Mehmet Bey’in gözünde Ali Rıza, internet
üzerinden ders yaptığımız hocam Kamran Bey için başka, annem için ‘küçük
Ali’si’, giderek tüm tanıdıklarım hatta karşılaştıklarımın gözünde az veya çok
farklı bir ben değil miyim?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2;">Do
i exist? Is there an 'I' who has a name and a body but whose boundaries and
content are definite? Or am I not ‘Ali Rıza’ in the eyes of my neighbor Mehmet Bey,
but different for my teacher Kamran Bey, with whom we teach on the Internet,
and a 'little Ali' for my mother, more or less different in the eyes of all my
acquaintances and even those I meet?<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Aynaya
baktığımda 10 yıl önceki Ali Rıza olmadığım kesin...<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cismim, vücudum hep değişiyor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sürekli bir akış var ‘ben’de, hem vücut
olarak hem de zihin olarak...<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Değişiyorum, belki gelişiyorum belirli yönlerde.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2;">When
I look in the mirror, it is certain that I am not Ali Rıza 10 years ago... My
body is always changing. There is a constant flow in 'me', both as a body and
as a mind... I am changing, maybe I am developing in certain directions.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Öyle ise,
‘ben’ diye tanımladığım şey nedir?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘Ben’
bir yanılsama, bir yanılgı mıdır?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2;">So
what is it that I define as 'me'? Is 'I' an illusion, a mistake?<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Acaba
gerçekten ‘benim’ diyebileceğim kendi irademle hürce karar verebiliyor
muyum?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yoksa ‘ben’i oluşturan koşullar,
kişiler, olaylar mı belirliyor kararlarımı?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2;">I
wonder if I can really decide freely owithmy own will, which I can call 'my'?
Or do the conditions, people and events that make up the 'me' determine my
decisions?<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">‘Ben’
diyebileceğim tek bir kişilik var mı?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Yoksa mesleki benliğim, aile benliğim, dostlarımın gözünde vb farklı
benliklerden mi oluşuyorum az ya da çok.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2;">Is
there only one personality that I can call 'I'? Or am I more or less composed
of different selves, such as my professional self, my family self, in the eyes
of my friends, etc.?<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Peki ‘ben’
tek bir bütün müyüm yoksa farklı parçalardan oluşan karışık bir yapı
mıyım?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Davranışlarımın ne kadarını
bilerek yapıyorum, ne kadarını bilinçaltımla hatta otomatik olarak
yapıyorum?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ne kadar mantığımla, ne kadar
duygularımla hatta ne kadar varlığından bile haberdar olmadığım birkaç hücrenin
belirlemesi ile hareket ediyorum?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Aynı
anda birden çok iş yapabiliyorum ama bunlardan yalnız bir iki tanesinin
farkında olabiliyorum.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2;">So,
am I a single whole or a mixed structure made up of different parts? How much
of my behavior do I do intentionally, how much do I do it subconsciously or
even automatically? How much logic, how much emotion, and even how much do I
act with the determination of a few cells that I am not even aware of? I can do
more than one thing at the same time, but I can only be aware of one or two of
them.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Düşüncelerimin
en azından bir kısmına hakim olabiliyor onları tekrar gözden
geçirebiliyorum.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Oysa duygularım onların
farkına vardığım anda birer sabun köpüğü gibi sönüp kayboluyorlar.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2;">I
can control at least some of my thoughts and revise them. However, my feelings
fade away like soap bubbles as soon as I become aware of them.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Belki ‘ben’
tümüyle nesnel bir varlık değil.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kişiye
ait benlik kavramı, nasıl yıllar içinde zihnimizin oluşumu ile beynimizde
biriken olaylar, bilgiler, kısaca hatıralar ise, aynı zamanda bunları
tetikleyen meknizmalar, ruh haletleri, hisler, duygulardır.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2;">Maybe
the 'I' is not a purely objective being. The self-concept of a person is the
events, information, briefly memories that accumulate in our brain with the
formation of our mind over the years, but also the mechanisms, moods, feelings
and emotions that trigger them.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Benlik bir
duygudur aslında.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bilerek ya da
bilmeyerek davranışlarımızı tarttığımız, içimize sindirdiğimiz, bünyemizin
bütün karmaşık yapısını birleştiren bir referans noktası, bir mihenk taşıdır.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2;">It
is actually an emotion. It is a reference point, a touchstone that unites the
whole complex structure of our body, which we deliberately or unknowingly weigh
our behaviors into,and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>absorb into
ourselves.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Öyle ise
“‘benlik’ var mıdır?” sorusu “duygular var mıdır?” sorusuna
indirgenebilir.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘Sevinç, üzüntü,
mutluluk’ bunlar vardır.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bunlar, her
insanın onları edinme sürecine ve yaşam tecrübesine göre farklı
oluşabilir.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yine de yaklaşık olarak
temel duygular vardır.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2;">If
so, The question of "Is there a 'self'?" maybe reduced to the
question“are there emotions?”. Jjoy, sadness, happiness' and others all exist.
These can occur differently according to each person's acquisition process and
life experience. Still, there are approximately basic emotions.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Sanatçıların
yarattığı eserler bu duygu kavramlarının oluşumuna katkıda bulunur.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Beethoven’in 9. Senfonisindeki<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘Neşeye Övgü’sü ortak duygu dağarcığımıza
katkıda bulunmuş değil midir?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sanatçıların eserlerinde yarattıkları iç dünyalarına ait duygular
böylece nakledilip hissedildikleri anda kaybolmamış olur, aynı olmasa da...<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2;">The
works created by the artists contribute to the formation of these emotional
concepts. Hasn't Beethoven's 'Ode to Joy' in his 9th Symphony contributed to
our shared emotional repertoire? In this way, the feelings of the inner world
created by the artists in their works are not lost as soon as they are conveyed
and felt, although they are not always the same...<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Duygular
hissedildikleri anda kaybolsalar da benzer koşullarda benzer duygulara ilişkin
duyarlıklar oluşturulabilir.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Duyarlık
nakledilebilir.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2;">Although
emotions disappear as soon as they are felt, sensitivities about similar
emotions can be recreated in similar circumstances. Sensitivity is
transferable.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Bence
‘benlik’ bir duygu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Eğer sanatçı ‘ben’i
belirleyen duyarlıkları sanat yolu ile kalıcı kılabilirse ‘benlik’ hep ve her
yerde var olur.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2;">I
think 'self' is a feeling. If the artist can make the sensitivities that
determine the 'me' permanent through art, the 'self' will always exist
everywhere.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">‘Ben’
başkalarına nakledebileceğim duyarlıklarım ile var olurum. [1,2] <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2;">'I'
exist with my sensibilities that I can transmit to others[1].<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Kişi
duyarlıkları ile vardır.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2;">One
exists with its sensitivities[2].<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">REFERENCES:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2;">[1]
Tommie HAHN, Sensational Knowledge<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2;">“The
senses reside in a unique position as the interface between the body, self and
the world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are beautiful <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>transmission devices, through which we take in
information, comprehend the experience, assign meaning, and often react to the
stimuli.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not only the senses orient us
in a very real, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>physical way;they enable
us to construct parameters of existence <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>--
that which defines the body, self, social group or world. Simply, we are situated
by sensual orientations.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2;">[2]
Tommie HAHN, Arousing Senses, Recipes for Workshopping Sensory Experience<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>Air Traffic Control and Large Systemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12383935845301881036noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27872965.post-69142901864714591982022-08-27T02:13:00.001-07:002022-08-27T02:13:26.403-07:00Ben var mıyım?<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUIhKQCUQ55xqpEwikQNPNbVYjC7Yy-n961Tnh482sVVQZyh6KAdCARkpATEWqncWV0Zm7nKjpdYeSlVUmEK-e5k1Umwo52HB191CoSHrb5EUCX98asz6dioR-sQVob9pYuoU0P0k8f71gWXxF9jM-CZDb01kVl6z3RMZx6GI4yveZsofGUaA/s910/kahve1.1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="910" data-original-width="900" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUIhKQCUQ55xqpEwikQNPNbVYjC7Yy-n961Tnh482sVVQZyh6KAdCARkpATEWqncWV0Zm7nKjpdYeSlVUmEK-e5k1Umwo52HB191CoSHrb5EUCX98asz6dioR-sQVob9pYuoU0P0k8f71gWXxF9jM-CZDb01kVl6z3RMZx6GI4yveZsofGUaA/s320/kahve1.1.jpg" width="316" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p><br /></p><p>BEN VAR
MIYIM?</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Ben var
mıyım? İsmi cismi olan ama sınırları ve içeriği belirli bir ‘ben’ var mı?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yoksa yazlıktaki komşum Mehmet Bey’in gözünde
Ali Rıza, internet üzerinden ders yaptığımız hocam Kamran Bey için başka, annem
için ‘küçük Ali’si’, giderek tüm tanıdıklarım hatta karşılaştıklarımın gözünde
az veya çok farklı bir ben değil miyim?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Aynaya
baktığımda 10 yıl önceki Ali Rıza olmadığım kesin...<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cismim, vücudum hep değişiyor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sürekli bir akış var ‘ben’de, hem vücut
olarak hem de zihin olarak...<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Değişiyorum, belki gelişiyorum belirli yönlerde.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Öyle ise, ‘ben’
diye tanımladığım şey nedir?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘Ben’ bir
yanılsama, bir yanılgı mıdır?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Acaba
gerçekten ‘benim’ diyebileceğim kendi irademle hürce karar verebiliyor
muyum?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yoksa ‘ben’i oluşturan koşullar,
kişiler, olaylar mı belirliyor kararlarımı?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">‘Ben’
diyebileceğim tek bir kişilik var mı?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Yoksa mesleki benliğim, aile benliğim, dostlarımın gözünde vb farklı benliklerden
mi oluşuyorum az ya da çok.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Peki ‘ben’
tek bir bütün müyüm yoksa farklı parçalardan oluşan karışık bir yapı mıyım?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Davranışlarımın ne kadarını bilerek yapıyorum,
ne kadarını bilinçaltımla hatta otomatik olarak yapıyorum?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ne kadar mantığımla, ne kadar duygularımla
hatta ne kadar varlığından bile haberdar olmadığım birkaç hücrenin belirlemesi
ile hareket ediyorum?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Aynı anda birden
çok iş yapabiliyorum ama bunlardan yalnız bir iki tanesinin farkında
olabiliyorum.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Düşüncelerimin
en azından bir kısmına hakim olabiliyor onları tekrar gözden
geçirebiliyorum.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Oysa duygularım onların
farkına vardığım anda birer sabun köpüğü gibi sönüp kayboluyorlar.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Belki ‘ben’
tümüyle nesnel bir varlık değil.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kişiye
ait benlik kavramı, nasıl yıllar içinde zihnimizin oluşumu ile beynimizde
biriken olaylar, bilgiler, kısaca hatıralar ise, aynı zamanda bunları
tetikleyen meknizmalar, ruh haletleri, hisler, duygulardır.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Benlik bir
duygudur aslında.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bilerek ya da
bilmeyerek davranışlarımızı tarttığımız, içimize sindirdiğimiz, bünyemizin
bütün karmaşık yapısını birleştiren bir referans noktası, bir mihenk taşıdır.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Öyle ise “‘benlik’
var mıdır?” sorusu “duygular var mıdır?” sorusuna indirgenebilir.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘Sevinç, üzüntü, mutluluk’ bunlar vardır.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bunlar, her insanın onları edinme sürecine ve
yaşam tecrübesine göre farklı oluşabilir.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Yine de yaklaşık olarak temel duygular vardır.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Sanatçıların
yarattığı eserler bu duygu kavramlarının oluşumuna katkıda bulunur.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Beethoven’in 9. Senfonisindeki <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘Neşeye Övgü’sü ortak duygu dağarcığımıza katkıda
bulunmuş değil midir?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sanatçıların
eserlerinde yarattıkları iç dünyalarına ait duygular böylece nakledilip
hissedildikleri anda kaybolmamış olur, aynı olmasa da...<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Duygular
hissedildikleri anda kaybolsalar da benzer koşullarda benzer duygulara ilişkin
duyarlıklar oluşturulabilir.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Duyarlık
nakledilebilir.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Bence ‘benlik’
bir duygu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Eğer sanatçı ‘ben’i
belirleyen duyarlıkları sanat yolu ile kalıcı kılabilirse ‘benlik’ hep ve her
yerde var olur.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">‘Ben’
başkalarına nakledebileceğim duyarlıklarım ile var olurum.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Kişi
duyarlıkları ile vardır.<o:p></o:p></p>Air Traffic Control and Large Systemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12383935845301881036noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27872965.post-56994751149846414972022-07-30T05:55:00.011-07:002022-07-30T06:20:41.284-07:00Introduction to AROUSING SENSE<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">My notes from AROUSING SENSE <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of Tomie HAHN<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><o:p> University of Illinois Press 2021 Urbana, Champaign Illinois</o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br /><o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUIO7RQecp2hUSG-19j_fxdK5tihFRmYZ9FjxD-SBJ1FzDxNOGvY3Whg2wRQvkO1ZKgluYkPvv3jihH40bB9wHKWo9e3F4k96wp8KfOediV1MKFkaBrNKkL3oW0s-Qdg855XJeevDO_Bu8SF3Jp2Qt8C5FbYz_cRBg7J23CflNXruFAFLlAxQ/s715/Arousing%20Sense%20Cover.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="715" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUIO7RQecp2hUSG-19j_fxdK5tihFRmYZ9FjxD-SBJ1FzDxNOGvY3Whg2wRQvkO1ZKgluYkPvv3jihH40bB9wHKWo9e3F4k96wp8KfOediV1MKFkaBrNKkL3oW0s-Qdg855XJeevDO_Bu8SF3Jp2Qt8C5FbYz_cRBg7J23CflNXruFAFLlAxQ/s320/Arousing%20Sense%20Cover.jpg" width="224" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">1 IMPULSES<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Smile so
deeply and strongly that your eyes close.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Hear and
feel anything?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">As you
release, notice what stirs in your awareness.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">There is an endless sea of sensory information that we are immersed in, noticing what you
are aware of (and what is filtered) reveals and situates your reality, your
sensibility.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Sensory
modalities express (manifest) energy and existence differently over time.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">building
awareness of the sensibilities someone else might be experiencing can expand our
knowledge of self/other and open communications.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Deepening
awareness, sensational knowledge, supports empathy and encourages
compassion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The consciousness starts
with the smallest of impulses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shifting one's
sensory point of view, being open, shedding assumptions, and inviting empathy
and vulnerability into our explorations can enable deep revelations that we
experience may not be the same as what others experience.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Let us
ponder what sensory information might be absent, overlooked, or overshadowed
because other sensory modalities mask its presence or because of our lack of awareness
or sensitivity.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Fostering
Transformation<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">new
possibilities to collaboratively address the harsh political climate and social
conflicts.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">How ideas to
move every one to their own edge of vulnerability flourish?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>How curiosity, and creativity alongside emotional
well-being?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">engage
embodied practices to observe how we think with the body.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">creating
prompts and offering them as experimental sensory challenges for others<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">The
Importance of Time<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Awareness of
changes in sensory qualities over time magnifies presence.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Recognizing
changes allows us to be sensitive to others, to pause, and to consider how to
respond and interact.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I cannot emphasize
enough how strongly the impact of heightened awareness<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">can be
self-awareness, communication, and the sense of connectedness to others and our
environment.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">As an
example try this:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Directly
after reading this sentence, hold your palms against your ears, close your eyes
and breathe in and out slowly, and note as many sensory details as possible.
(Pause here.)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although brief, such a
pause in one's day can summon a deeper <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>understanding
of time, sense, and being.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">The nuance
of sensory counters throughout the day ...<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>can provide profound transformations.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">2 MAKING
SENSE<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Curiously,
the persistent sound of the ocean, so ever-present and noisy while traveling by
boat, became filtered once on the island.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I imagine that the muting was partially my own sensory<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">filtering,
not only due to my excited anticipation to listen to the chaotic bird chatter
and wing flapping, but also because I was now habituated to the wall of ocean
sounds. Sensory filtering.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Interpreting
Sense<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">'Twas a
sensory spoiler alert that would impose upon my first sonic acquaintance with
puffins--a mere suggestion of an auditory memory, or scheme, that would
initially not allow me to experience the actual puffin and razorback
chatter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stolen sensory encounters.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">I often wish
that language did not impose on an initial experience.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The human capacity to use language, paired
with our tendency to compare new experiences with the past, helps us to
communicate and grow.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Schemas--frameworks that represent experiences, categories, and patterns
that we have previously encountered--help us to discern, learn, and broaden our
sensory vocabulary and provide a theory of learning through information processing
and comparative judgments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Growth arises
throug a perturbation of previously experienced schemas.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Arousing
Sense, and Situating Sense<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">arousing a
blissful wonder<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Sensory
experience orients us in the world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
senses situate us directly in a location and in the moment, as sensory experiences
occur and change over time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The more
sensory impressions that arise and are noticed, the greater the memory imprint
of that moment, event, environment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sensory experience is essentially about communication--transmission
between our bodies and the environment, other individuals, and the interior landscape
of our bodies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>what we sense and what we
make of an experience reflexively reveals who we are, our environment, and our
culture.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I value how attention to
qualities of sensory experience conveys both our individuality and our connectedness<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to our environments and other people and
beings, if we are able to note our differences and similarities through our experiential
engagements.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">reflexivity
supports transparency.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Identifying who
is writing and why, from a clear voice, helps readers frame the text and to
attempt to comprehend the perspective from the author's point of view.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">If
multisensory approaches to research and creative endeavors are acknowledged,
disciplinary boundaries blur.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I propose that
theory needs to follow experience and practice.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Rather than clutch a theoretical approach and proceed to apply it to an
experiential encounter, theory needs to arise from<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">the wealth
of experience, artifacts, creative output, fieldnotes, interviews, conversations,
and so on.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Sensory
experiences never occur in a vacuum, devoid of social, cultural, and
environmental filters, insights, patterns, language, or emotions, simply
because the person sensing embodies a cultural and personal background.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">To be
insensible--unconscious and unaware--of other people's sensibilities dismisses
the rich diversity of our world, our humanity.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Making-Contemplating<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">There's
something about the iterative, cross-pollinating flow between creativity and
research that offers a precarious edge to explore how art making and research
inform each other.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Making and
thinking need not be separate endeavors.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">there is
creativity in research and research in creativity. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Making and contemplating are engagements of
embodied consciousness in practice.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Teaching
Sense<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">How do we
teach and learn from sense?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">--the wisdom
of the body? Can we reach beyond dualities?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Can we reach beyond(false) <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">constructs
of only five senses to include other sensory modalities?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>How can we reveal culturally constructed sensibilities?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>How might we convey the potential profundity of
sense without stating the obvious, "This is going to be a deep
experience"?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Serving
Sense<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Here I
arrive at the core of Arousing Sense.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Offer
experience.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Offer sensory encounters.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Arousing
Sense is a collection of experimental recipes for engaging sensory experiences.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Vulnerability<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Always hold
vulnerability as a key to unlock sensational knowledge.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Be existentially open.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Resist defining.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>How else might we step outside of ourselves
and allow for experience to be fresh?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">IF we are
able to reveal and monitor our vulnerabilities, the dynamics of power and
control issues that play out in ethnographic practice can be incorporated
as<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>part of the work.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>Air Traffic Control and Large Systemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12383935845301881036noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27872965.post-78158282076711426242022-07-29T06:48:00.002-07:002022-07-29T06:48:45.029-07:00Misattribution Yanlış Atıf - Yanılsama<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Yanlış Atıf - Yanılsama<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">Misattribution<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">Sweet anticipation, music and the psychology of expectation<o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">David HURON<o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">2006 Massachusetts Institute of Technology<o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXKJBENMzpm6RgHsutCqj56COKKlNudKu90CSCEfJGIuU-MWs3yi8VmCQWZ0yh39yM2mijFbPWrwWY7RYsu2VUkTZjXjoVue1WpY-Tiok830Xt0NOLWyRGSU43pNNv8RZJO4KBX7MFwjop3Ztw4_AfedPVSfCuM7hwBjqIKr9rrkYlSBRYlt4/s1280/misattribution1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXKJBENMzpm6RgHsutCqj56COKKlNudKu90CSCEfJGIuU-MWs3yi8VmCQWZ0yh39yM2mijFbPWrwWY7RYsu2VUkTZjXjoVue1WpY-Tiok830Xt0NOLWyRGSU43pNNv8RZJO4KBX7MFwjop3Ztw4_AfedPVSfCuM7hwBjqIKr9rrkYlSBRYlt4/s320/misattribution1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Limbik
sistemin aktivasyonu, sıklıkla, nedene ilişkin yanlış atıflara yol açarak, belirsiz
veya keyfi çağrışımlara yol açabilir. Genel olarak, araştırmalar göstermiştir
ki, ne zaman güçlü bir duygu deneyimlesek, beynimizin, çevrede bulunan göze
çarpan uyarıcılarla bu duygusal durumu ilişkilendirme eğilimi vardır. Olasılık
yelpazesi oldukça geniş bir alana yayılmıştır.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">Activation of the limbic system can often lead to incorrect
attributions of the cause—resulting in indiscriminant or arbitrary
associations. In general, research has shown that whenever we experience a
strong emotion, the brain has a tendency to associate the emotional state with
whatever salient stimuli exist in the environment. The net is cast quite
widely.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Ne zaman
gözlemden bir çıkarım yaparsak, iki tür hata yapabiliriz. Bir hata, X'in Y'ye
neden olduğu sonucuna varmamızdır (aslında X, Y'nin nedeni değildir).
Metodologlar buna Tip I hata veya yanlış pozitif hata diyorlar. Alternatif
olarak, yanlış bir şekilde X'in Y'nin nedeni olmadığı sonucuna varabiliriz
(aslında X, gerçekten de Y'nin nedenidir). Bu bir Tip II hata veya yanlış
negatif hatadır.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">Whenever we make an inference from observation, we can make
two kinds of errors. One error is that we falsely conclude that X is the cause
of Y (when in fact, X is not the cause of Y). Methodologists call this a Type I
error, or false positive error. Alternatively, we might falsely conclude that X
is not the cause of Y (when in fact, X is indeed the cause of Y). This is a
Type II error, or false negative error.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Aslında,
bazı yararlı dersler öğrenmeye çalışmak için Tabiat birçok sonuca atlıyor. Tabiat,
çok geniş bir neden yelpazesi oluşturarak öğrenme sorununu çözer.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">In fact, in order to try to learn some useful lesson,
Nature jumps to many conclusions. Nature addresses the problem of learning by
casting a very wide net.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">güçlü duygusal
deneyimleri tüm belirgin(salient) algısal ipuçlarıyla ilişkilendirme
eğilimindeyiz (günün saati, yüz özellikleri, konuşma tarzı, konum, renkler,
vb.). Deneyim oldukça ağırlıklı olduğu için, (gerçek bir ipucu yakalama şansı
daha yüksek olan) dar dersler çıkarmaktan (ilgili bir ipucu yakalayamama
olasılığı yüksek olan) aşırı geniş sonuçlar çıkarmak daha iyidir. Başka bir
deyişle, yanlış çıkarım, tümevarım probleminin tahmin edilebilir bir sonucudur.
Yararlı bir ders aldığımızdan emin olmaya çalışırken, zihnimiz her türlü yanlış
dersi öğrenmeye de tahammül eder. Yanlış atıf, az miktarda bilgiden sonuç
çıkarmaya çalışmak için ödediğimiz bedeldir.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">we tend to associate strong emotional experiences with all
salient perceptual cues (time of day, facial features, manner of speaking,
location, colors, etc.). Since the experience is highly charged, it is better
to draw excessively broad conclusions (which have a better chance of catching a
true cue) than to draw narrow lessons (which have a high chance of failing to
capture a pertinent cue). In other words, misattribution is a predictable
consequence of the problem of induction. In trying to ensure that we learn a
useful lesson, our minds tolerate learning all sorts of wrong lessons as well. Misattribution
is the price we pay for trying to draw conclusions from small amounts of
information.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">yanlış atıf,
duygusallığın değişmez arkadaşıdır.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">misattribution is emotion’s constant companion.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Duygular ne
zaman harekete geçse, yanlış atıf çok uzakta değildir. Tahmin yanıtı ile ilgili
durumun bu olduğunu iddia ediyorum. Bir dinleyici bir uyaranı doğru bir şekilde
tahmin ettiğinde, yanlış atıf, olumlu duyguyu herhangi bir uygun seyirciye
sabitlemeye hazırdır. Benzer şekilde, bir dinleyici bir uyarıcıyı tahmin
etmekte başarısız olduğunda, yanlış yükleme suçu yaymaya hazırdır.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">Whenever emotions are activated, misattribution is not far
away. I contend that this is the situation with the prediction response. When a
listener accurately predicts some stimulus, misattribution is ready to pin the
positive emotion onto any convenient bystander. Similarly, when a listener
fails to predict some stimulus, misattribution is ready to spread the blame. <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>Air Traffic Control and Large Systemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12383935845301881036noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27872965.post-61416016361988900022022-07-23T11:35:00.003-07:002022-07-23T13:49:59.411-07:00A vertigo memory of a former pilot<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Bir Havacılık Vertigo Olayı<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #17365d; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">An Aviation Vertigo
Event<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCAY9lnU3xlFqmCIR340ppYThLLjh-uRx5mpwRqxJ_7voMYRwVXhzE0jFrBHz5oDs1QgdcmUqoQ_45PzVjKKdXq5b0KLTrNUX4AY-pGZ1VpNLQGnNOioC5KPOHIEg76vdmPLjKNzbMmugnx4D6LnLeLyLGoZrgv7Keyx9Rjy1kHti_3NrIdxY/s523/cesna%20u117b.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="523" height="153" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCAY9lnU3xlFqmCIR340ppYThLLjh-uRx5mpwRqxJ_7voMYRwVXhzE0jFrBHz5oDs1QgdcmUqoQ_45PzVjKKdXq5b0KLTrNUX4AY-pGZ1VpNLQGnNOioC5KPOHIEg76vdmPLjKNzbMmugnx4D6LnLeLyLGoZrgv7Keyx9Rjy1kHti_3NrIdxY/s320/cesna%20u117b.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">“Eski bir pilotun bir vertigo anısı”<o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">“A vertigo memory of a
former pilot”<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Başımdan geçen gerçek bir olayı
anlatmak istiyorum. Pilot eğitimimi yeni tamamlamış idim ve Sarıkamış’ta (Kars)
göreve atanmıştım.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sarıkamış, özellikle
kış ve bahar aylarında meteorolojik olayların çok süratle değiştiği (oluştuğu)
bir bölgedir.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">I want to tell a real incident that
happened to me. I had just completed my pilot training and was assigned to duty
at Sarıkamış (Kars). Sarıkamış is a region where meteorological events change
(occur) very rapidly, especially in winter and spring.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pilotaj eğitimim esnasında,
aletle uçuş sertifikası da almıştım.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Şu
anda tam gününü hatırlıyamıyorum.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Meteorolojik
durumun uygun olduğu bir havada, Trabzon vilayetine bir seyrüsefer uçuşu
planladık.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">During my pilot training, I had also
received an instrument flight certificate. I can't remember the exact date
right now. We planned a cruise flight to Trabzon province in a weather inwhich
the meteorological situation was suitable.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Uçtuğumuz uçak 5 kişilik bir
Cesna (U-17B) idi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Uçak’ta 4 kişi
idik.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ben 2’ci pilot idim.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kaptan benden daha kıdemli bir arkadaşım idi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Uçağımızda otopilot yoktu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Navigasyon cihazı olarak VOR (VHF Omni-directional
Radio Range) ve ADF (Automatic Direction Finder) vardı.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Buz önleyici sistemlerimiz mevcut değildi
(pitot tüpü ısıtıcı hariç).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>İnişlerde ve
uzun süzülüşlerde sadece kaporta flapını kullanırdık.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Uçuş aletleri olarak, Suni ufuk (HSI
Horizontal Situation Indicator), yatış dönüş müşürü (T/S Turn and Slip
indicator), varyometre, sürat saati, RMI (Radio Magnetic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indicator), pusula gibi aletlerdi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bu nedenlerle, mecbur kalmadığımız müddetçe
tüm uçuşlarımızı VFR (Visual Flight Rules) şartlarda yapardık.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Daha önce bahsettiğim gibi; 2 pilot + 2 yolcu
parçalı bulutlu bir havada SARIKAMIŞ’tan havalandık ve vukuatsız, TRABZON hava
limanına indik.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">The
plane we flew was a 5-seat Cesna (U-17B). We were 4 people on the plane. I was
the second pilot. The captain was a friend of mine who was more senior than me.
Our plane did not have autopilot. There were VOR (VHF Omni-directional Radio
Range) and ADF (Automatic Direction Finder) as navigation devices. Our anti-ice
systems were not available (except for the pitot tube heater). On descents and
long glides, we only used the hood flap. As flight instruments, instruments such
as Artificial Horizon (HSI Horizontal Situation Indicator), T/S Turn and Slip
Indicator, variometer, speedometer, RMI (Radio Magnetic Indicator), compass.
For these reasons, we used to make all our flights under VFR (Visual Flight
Rules) conditions unless we had to. As I mentioned before; 2 pilots + 2
passengers took off from SARIKAMIŞ in partly cloudy weather and landed at
TRABZON airport without incident.</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Trabzondaki işlerimizi yaptıktan
sonra, meteoroloji raporunu aldık.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hava
bulutlanmıştı.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bulut taban 400 ft.,
tavan 1200 ft. Kadar idi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bulut içinde, <u>hafif
buzlanma</u> olabilir idi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her iki pilot
istişare ettik ve uçuşa karar verdik.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Kalkıştan sonra sadece 5 varyo tırmanışla 2 veya 3 dakika sonra bulut
üstü olabileceğimize kara verdik.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">After
we did our work in Trabzon, we got the meteorology report. The weather was
cloudy. Cloud base 400 ft., ceiling was upto1200 ft. There was a slight icing
in the cloud. Both pilots consulted and decided to take flight. After takeoff,
we decided that we could be above the cloud after 2 or 3 minutes with only 5
vario climb.</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Genelde halk arasında çok
söylenen bir söz vardır.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Evdeki hesap
çarşıya uymaz.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">There
is a common saying among the people. “The account at home does not fit the
market.”</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 35.4pt;">Evet, bu gerçekleşti.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kaptan ile
görev taksimatı yapmıştık, ben kule konuşmalarını yapıyordum; o da uçağı
kullanıyordu.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">Yes, this happened. We had a division
of duties with the captain, I was doing communication with the tower; He was
using the plane.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 35.4pt;">Kalkışa müteakip hemen buluta girdik, ben sağ koltukta oturuyordum ve
kokpitte sağımda olan pencereden, dışarıyı izliyordum.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cam’lar hafif hafif nemlenmeye başlamış
idi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Saatime baktım, çoktan bulutu delip
yukarıya çıkmamız gerektiğini düşündüm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Tam o sırada bizden çok kıdemli bir pilot (ağabeyimiz), başımdaki
kulaklıklarımı, şiddetli bir şekilde çıkarttı.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Bu şahıs hemen arkamdaki koltukta oturuyordu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kendisi helikopter pilotu idi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hayatında hiç uçak kullanmamıştı.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fakat helikopter (IFR Instrument Flight Rules)
lisansına sahip idi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bana
bağırıyordu...<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>XXX (2. Pilot) , YYY (1st
pilot) vertigo oldu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Uçak spine girmek
üzere, uçağı kurtar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O anı anlatmaktan
acizim.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fakat yaşanan herşeyi
(hatırlayabildiğim kadarı ile) anlatmıya çalışacağım.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">Immediately after takeoff, we entered
the cloud, I was sitting in the right seat and I was watching out of the window
on my right in the cockpit. The windows were starting to get slightly damp. I
looked at my watch, thinking that we should have pierced the cloud already and
go up. Just then, a very senior pilot (our older brother) severely took off my
headphones from my head. This person was sitting in the seat right behind me.
He was a helicopter pilot. He had never used an airplane in his life. But he <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was licensed for helicopter(IFR Instrument
Flight Rules). He was shouting at me... XXX (2. Pilot) , YYY (1st pilot) has
vertigo. The plane is about to spin, save the plane. I am unable to describe
that moment. But I will try to describe everything that happened (as far as I
can remember).<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 35.4pt;">Arkadaşıma süratle bir göz attım, hareketsiz duruyordu, şaşırmış
gibiydi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kulakları kızarmıştı.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Uçağın bir göstergesine baktım, kadran
kırmızıya dayanmıştı ve motor vınlıyordu (sesi değişmişti).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Uçak soldan yatışla (yaklaşık 60 -70 derece) Karadenize
düşüyordu.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">I took a quick glance at my friend,
who was standing still, as if surprised. His ears were red. I looked at the speed gauge
of the plane, the dial was red, and the engine was humming (his sound had
changed). The plane was falling into the Black Sea with a left bank (about 60
-70 degrees).<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 35.4pt;">Uçuş okulunda öğretmenim, uçağı kötü durumlardan kurtarma eğitimimi
bize çok çok iyi yaptırmıştı.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her uçuş
sonunda meydana dönerken, bu eğitimi sık sık yaptırırdı.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Eminim ki, onun sayesinde, hayattayız.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hocama hayatımızı borçluyuz ona
müteşekkirim.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Halen sağ ise kendisine
sıhhat ve mutluluklar diliyorum.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Eğer bu
fani dünyadan göçmüş ise kendisine Allah’tan rahmet diliyorum.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">In flight school, my teacher had us do
my training to recover from bad situations very, very well. When returning to
the aerodrome <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at the end of each flight,
he often had this training done. I'm sure, thanks to him, we're alive. We owe
our life to my teacher, I am grateful to him. If he is still alive, I wish him
good health and happiness. If he has passed away from this mortal world, I wish
God's mercy on him.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 35.4pt;">Yaptığım ilk iş, süratle, hocamın bana yaptırdığı eğitimi
hatırladım.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>İlk önce gazı aldım, dalış
süratini azalttım.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Suni ufuku (HSI)
düzeltmek istedim yatışı düzeltmek için, fakat suni ufuk ortada
sabitlenmiyordu, sağa kaçıyordu, uçağı aksi yöne yatırıyordum, bu sefer aksi
yöne kaçıyordu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sonunda suni ufuk huzur
buldu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Uçağa tekrar gaz verdim (HSI)
üserinde, uçak sembolünü ortada ve ufuk hattı çizgisinin hemen üstünde tutuyordum.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sonunda 1-2 varyo ile bulut üstü olduk.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bu sırada Karadeniz kıyısındaki dağlara
çarpmamızı engellemek için, az yatışla (1-2 derece) Karadenize doğru uçağı
yönlendirdik.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bu anlattığım olaylar çok
çok kısa bir zaman içerisinde vuku buldu.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">The first thing I did, I quickly
remembered the training my teacher had given me. First I took the throttle,
reduced the diving speed. I wanted to correct the artificial horizon (HSI), to
correct the bank, but the artificial horizon was not fixed in the middle, it was
running to the right, I was tilting the plane in the opposite direction, this
time it was running in the other opposite direction. At last the artificial
horizon found peace. On my HSI, I kept the airplane symbol in the middle and
just above the horizon line. Finally, we were above the cloud with 1-2 vario.
Meanwhile, we steered the plane towards the Black Sea with a low bank (1-2
degrees) to prevent us from hitting the mountains on the Black Sea coast. The
events I am describing took place in a very, very short time.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 35.4pt;">Bu işleri yaparken, kendi psikolojik ve fizyolojik durmumu çok samimi
olarak ifade etmek istiyorum.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ölümü
düşünemedim, uçağı kurtarmakla meşgul idim.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Dizlerim titriyordu pedallere basamıyordum (dolayısıyla rudder’ları
düzgün kontrol edemiyordum.)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bulut
üstüne çıkınca, vertigo olan arkadaşımdan yardım istedim, pedallare beraber
bastık.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kulaklarım çınlıyordu, herhalde
tansiyonum tavan yapmıştı.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bir müddet
uçak’da kimse konuşmadı.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Trabzon kuleye
rapor verdik ve frekansı terk ettik.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">I want to express my own psychological
and physiological state while doing these tasks, very sincerely . I couldn't
think of death, I was busy saving the plane. My knees were shaking, I couldn't
press the pedals (so I couldn't control the rudders properly.) When the cloud
came up, I asked my friend who had had vertigo for help, we stepped on the
pedals together. My ears were ringing, I guess my blood pressure had
skyrocketed. For a while, no one spoke on the plane. We reported to the Trabzon
tower and left the frequency.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><u>SONUÇ</u></b>:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><u><span style="color: #17365d; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">CONCLUSION:<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bu olay yaklaşık 50 sene evvel
cereyan etti.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O günden, bu güne, tüm
hava araçalarında çok teknik gelişmeler oldu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Bilgisayar kullanımında yapılan atılımlar, yapay zeka, son sistem navigasyonlar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bütün bu teknolojik gelişmeleri tereddütsüz
destekliyor ve havacılık adına çok seviniyorum.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Yanlız, unutmamamız gereken bir realite var.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yukarıda bahis konusu ettiğim bu teknoloji
herhangi bir nedenle “OFF” olabilir.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bu
durumda herşey pilot veya pilotların eğitim seviyelerine ve sağduyularına bağlı
olacaktır.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yukarıda benim başımdan geçen
olayda, ders çıkarılacak konular şöyledir;<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">This
event took place about 50 years ago. Since then, there have been many technical
developments in all aircraft. Breakthroughs in computer use, artificial
intelligence, latest system navigations. I support all these technological
developments without hesitation and I am very happy for aviation. There is one
reality, however, that we must not forget. This technology that I mentioned
above may be “OFF” for any reason. In this case, everything will depend on the
level of training and common sense of the pilot or pilots. In the incident that
happened to me above, the subjects to be learned are as follows;</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Uçağı kullanan pilot, IFR
eğitimi almasına rağmen, bulut içinde, herhangi navigasyon referansı yok ise,
tırmanışta dönüş (tırmanışlı dönüş) kesinlikle yapmamalıydı.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Özellikle yeni sertifika
almış pilotlar, yaptıkları eğitimi yeterli görüp, özgüven sarhoşluğuna kapılıp,
sorumluluklarını üstlendikleri yolcuların yaşamlarını tehlikeye kesinlikle
atmamalıdır.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Simulatör eğitimi ve
kontrollari çok sıkı denetlenmelidir.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">- Despite the IFR
training, the pilot operating the aircraft should never have made a climb
during turn (climb turn) in the cloud if there is no navigation reference.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">- Especially newly
certified pilots should not consider their training sufficient, get drunk with
self-confidence and endanger the lives of the passengers they take
responsibility for.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">- Simulator training and
controls should be strictly supervised.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><o:p> </o:p></p>Air Traffic Control and Large Systemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12383935845301881036noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27872965.post-91314606033158037602022-07-06T12:24:00.006-07:002022-07-06T12:36:16.129-07:00Havacılıkta Vertigo Hatalarında Yanlış Atıfın Rolü<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Havacılıkta Vertigo Hatalarında Yanlış Atıfın Rolü<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #17375e; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #17375E; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">The Role of
Misattribution in Aviation Vertigo Mistakes<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">With my gratitude to Robert O. BEAHRS who introduced me Huron at his Performance Studies class at İTÜ-MİAM<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiwO7Xtneh1Ewn190ImlNP1Y8ASfKRIa28B2GZLgB266SGsDGJxHvc39CqIiVrlom76l_JHkxa-9fXWU-dMjlICl0DNimCfqGCrR25uoXcTz-bWbfxrigZi75DNKGHsBNk7cJonRb8sLm5TT7Z1ZyG0PD8n8Y5K-6H0XVK5lVQ1hrNiWE392U/s800/FAA_PHAK_2008_Fig_16-5_Graveyard_spiral.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="617" data-original-width="800" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiwO7Xtneh1Ewn190ImlNP1Y8ASfKRIa28B2GZLgB266SGsDGJxHvc39CqIiVrlom76l_JHkxa-9fXWU-dMjlICl0DNimCfqGCrR25uoXcTz-bWbfxrigZi75DNKGHsBNk7cJonRb8sLm5TT7Z1ZyG0PD8n8Y5K-6H0XVK5lVQ1hrNiWE392U/s320/FAA_PHAK_2008_Fig_16-5_Graveyard_spiral.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">FAA_PHAK_2008_Fig_16-5</div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Araştırmalar,
ne zaman güçlü bir duygu deneyimlesek, beynin, duygusal durumu çevrede bulunan
göze çarpan uyaranlarla ilişkilendirme eğiliminde olduğunu göstermiştir.
Yararlı bir ders almaya çalışmak için Nature birçok sonuca atlıyor. Yanlış
atıf, az miktarda bilgiden sonuç çıkarmaya çalışmak için ödediğimiz bedeldir.
Yanlış atıf, duygunun değişmez arkadaşıdır <i><sup>[1]</sup></i> .<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #17375e; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #17375E; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">Research has shown that whenever we experience a strong emotion,
the brain has a tendency to associate the emotional state with whatever salient
stimuli exist in the environment. In
order to try to learn some useful lesson, Nature jumps to many conclusions. Misattribution is the price we pay for trying
to draw conclusions from small amounts of information. Misattribution is emotion’s constant
companion <sup>[1]</sup> .<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Eldeki
bilgilerin belirsiz olduğu durumlarda kişiler karar verirken basit kurallar ve
eğilimleri kullanırlar.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Bu durum
kararlarının bu kurallar çerçevesi içinde oluşmasına neden olur (framing
effect). Çerçeveleme etkisi ‘içinden gelen sesi dinlemek’ ve benzeri kişi
zihnine ait duygusal sistem tarafından belirlenir <i><sup>[3]</sup></i> .<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #17375e; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #17375E; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">In situations where the available information is uncertain, people
use simple rules and trends when making decisions. This situation causes their decisions to be
formed within the framework of these rules (framing effect). The framing effect
is determined by the emotional system of the individual mind, such as 'listening
to the inner voice' <sup>[3]</sup> .<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">Karar vermeye yönelik ÇERÇEVELER (frames)
bireylerde belirli yanıtlar uyaran
durumsal somut nesne topluluklarıdır. Bireyin
karşılaştığı durum onun zihnindeki çerçevelerden birinin somut öğelerini
içerirse bireyin bu durum ile ilgili scheması-planı harekete geçer/geçirilir <i><sup>[4]</sup></i>.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">Frames are situational
assemblages of material objects (including bodies and settings) that evoke
certain responses from individuals, in part by activating particular sets of
schemas <sub>[4]</sub> . <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">İnsanoğlunun
evrimi, son derece zor durumların üstesinden gelmek için özel çerçeveler
geliştirmiştir. Bunlara İLLÜZYON denir [5]. Beyin, özel eğilimler veya
süreçlerle yerleşik yeteneklerle zor durumun üstesinden gelmeye çalışır.
Aslında bizim gerçeklik olarak algıladığımız şey, beynimizin dış ortamdan
aldığı bilgileri kullanarak yarattığı gerçekliktir.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #17375e; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #17375E; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">The evolution of human being has developed
special frames to handle extremely difficult situations. These are called ILLUSIONs <sup>[5]</sup> . The
brain tries to handle the difficult situation itself with builtin abilities
with special tendencies or processes. In fact what we perceive as
reality is the reality our brain creates using the information it receives from
the outer environment.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Yön
duygusunu kaybetme, yani VERTIGO hislerin beyine yanlış bilgi yollaması
nedeniyle konum bilgisinin kaybedilmesidir. Havacılıkta bir pilotaj sorunudur <i><sup>[7,8]</sup></i>
.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #17375e; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #17375E; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">Losing the sense of direction, that is, VERTIGO is the loss of
position information due to the senses sending false information to the brain.
It is a piloting problem in aviation </span></i><i><sup>[7,8]</sup></i><i><span style="color: #17375e; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #17375E; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Eğer 30 ila 45 saniye belirli bir yönde dönerseniz artık orta
kulağınız alışır ve dönmeyi hissetmezsiniz…
Uçağınız düz ve yatay gidiyor gibi hissedersiniz. Pilot kabininde eğer yeri görüp referans
alamazsanız uçağınız mezarlıkta bitecek başağı bir spiral dönüşüne başlamış
olur… Eğer uçağı ters yöne çevirirseniz
bir süre sonra orta kulağınız, uçak düzelse bile bu sefer ters yöne yatıyormuş
mesajını verir.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: #17375e; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #17375E; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">If you turn in a certain
direction for 30 to 45 seconds, your middle ear will get used to it and you
will not feel the rotation… You will feel like your plane is going straight and
horizontal. If you can't see the ground and take a reference in the pilot's
cabin, your plane will end in the cemetery and start a spiral spiral.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Pilotun
duyularını algılama biçimi gerçeği algılamasını etkiler.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #17375e; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #17375E; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">The way the pilot perceives his senses affects his perception of
reality.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Pilotların
VERTIGO’ya karşı yapmakta en zorlandıkları şey “bazı özel koşullarda
duyularımızın hata yapabileceğini kabul etmektir”. Vertigo başladığında, bir manevra pilotun
zihnindeki belirli bir frame’i tetikler ve
gerçekten kopuk bir illusion algılamasına sebep olur, bu sırada pilotun
gerçek durumu algılamasında bir yanılsama olur ve pilot durumun farkına
varamaz.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #17375e; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #17375E; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">The most difficult thing for pilots to do against VERTIGO is
"to accept that in certain conditions our senses can make mistakes".
When the vertigo starts, a maneuver triggers a certain frame in the pilot's
mind and causes a real disconnected illusion perception, while the pilot's
perception of the real situation is an illusion and the pilot cannot be aware
of the situation.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Duygusallığın
ağır bastığı kişilerde Vertigo hatasına düşme olasılığı daha çoktur<i><sup>[6]</sup></i>. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #17375e; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #17375E; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">People with a predominant emotionality are more likely to fall into
Vertigo[6].<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #292526; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><u><span style="color: red; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">REFERENCES:<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> HURON David</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> , Sweet
Anticipation - Music and the Psychology of Expectation<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 9pt;">[2] Benedetto De Martino,* Dharshan Kumaran,
Ben Seymour, Raymond J. Dolan ;</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> Frames, Biases, and Rational Decision-Making in the
Human Brain, Science <b>313</b>, 684 (2006);<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 9pt;">[3] Benedetto De Martino,* Dharshan Kumaran,
Ben Seymour, Raymond J. Dolan</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> ; Frames, Biases, and Rational Decision-Making in the
Human Brain, Science <b>313</b>, 684 (2006);<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">“Eldeki
bilgilerin eksik ya da çok karışık olduğu durumlarda karar verirken kişiler
uzun hesaplamalara değil bir takım basitleştirici kuralları veya etkin ilkeleri
kullanırlar. Buna ilişkin bir tahmin, ÇERÇEVELEME
ETKİSİnin (framing effect), duygusal sistem tarafından belirlenen bir duygusal
ilkeden kaynaklandığını ve bunun sonucunda seçme davranışına ilişkin bir
önyargının ortaya çıktığını ileri sürer.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: #548dd4; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;">Thus, when taking
decisions under conditions when available information is incomplete or overly
complex, subjects rely on a number of simplifying heuristics, or efficient
rules of thumb, rather<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: #548dd4; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;">than extensive
algorithmic processing (11). One
suggestion is that the framing effect results from systematic biases in choice
behavior arising from an affect heuristic underwritten by an emotional system
(12, 13). <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: #292526; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11] T. Gilovich, D. W. Griffin, D. Kahneman, Eds., Heuristics and
Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment (Cambridge Univ. Press, New York,
2002).<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: #292526; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12] P. Slovic, M. Finucane, E. Perers, D. MacGregor, in Heuristics
and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment, <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: #292526; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">T. Gilovich, D. W. Griffin, D. Kahneman, Eds. (Cambridge Univ.
Press, New York, 2002), pp. 397–421.</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: #292526; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13] X. Gabaix, D. Laibson, in The Psychology of Economic Decisions,
Vol. 1: Rationality and Well-Being, I. Brocas,<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: #292526; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">J. D. Carrillo, Eds. (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 2003), pp.
169–183.</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-size: 9pt;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]
Michael Lee Wood, Dustin S. Stoltz, Justin Van Ness, and Marshall A. Taylor,</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
“Schemas and Frames”, <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sociological
Theory 2018, Vol. 36(3) 244–261 © American Sociological Association <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-size: 9pt;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 9pt;">[5] </span></i></b><b><span style="color: #2a2b2d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">CARI NIERENBERG</span></b><span style="color: #2a2b2d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">, </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Optical
Illusions: When Your Brain Can't Believe Your Eyes</span></i><span style="color: #2a2b2d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">, ABC
News Medical Unit</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="Default"><i><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: #17375e; font-size: 20pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #17375E; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;"><span color="windowtext">“ </span></span></i><i><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: #17375e; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #17375E; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;"><span color="windowtext">"Illusions occur when the brain
attempts to perceive the future, and thoseperceptions don't match
reality," he said. Although there
is no single reason illusions take place, Martinez-Condeoffered another
possible explanation. The brain is a
limited structure with limited resources, including itsnumber of neurons,
wires, and neuronal connections, she suggested. "So insome cases,
illusions may be due to the brain's need to take shortcuts."Simply put,
the brain might need to quickly give more importance to somefeatures in a
visual scene than others. “<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p>
<p class="Default"><i><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: #17375e; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #17375E; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 9pt;">[6] Benedetto De Martino,* Dharshan Kumaran,
Ben Seymour, Raymond J. Dolan</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> ; Frames, Biases, and Rational Decision-Making in the
Human Brain, Science <b>313</b>, 684 (2006);<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-size: 9pt;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #292526; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“Çerçeveleme etkisinin
özellikle amigdala aktivitesiyle ilişkili olduğunu bulduk, bu da kararlara
ilişkin önyargıları etkilemede anahtar rol taşıyan bir duygusal sistemi ileri
sürer. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: #548dd4; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;">“</span></i><i><span style="color: #548dd4; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;">We found that the framing
effect was specifically associated with amigdala activity, suggesting a key
role for an emotional system in mediating decision biases. <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">Elimizdeki
veriler gösterdi ki; Rasyonel bireyler kendi duygusal önyargılarının daha iyi
ve arıtılmış bir sunumuna sahiptir. Bu
durum, onlara gerektiğinde davranışlarını değişikliğe uğratma yeteneğini verir,
optimal olmayan seçimlere karşı.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: #548dd4; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;">Our data raise an
intriguing possibility that more Brational[ individuals have a better and more<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: #548dd4; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;">refined representation of
their own emotional biases that enables them to modify their behavior<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: #548dd4; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;">in appropriate
circumstances, as for example when such biases might lead to suboptimal
decisions. “<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-size: 9pt;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></i></b><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
<i>SARAL Ali Riza</i></span></b><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, Sahte Gerçeklik
Duygusu ;<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://largesystems-atc.blogspot.com/2006/10/sahte-gereklik-duygusu.html">https://largesystems-atc.blogspot.com/2006/10/sahte-gereklik-duygusu.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<h3 style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; margin: 3pt 0in 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]
SARAL Ali Riza,<span style="color: #444444;"> </span></span></i><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #444444;">Vertigo in the Air Traffic Control Room ;</span><span style="color: #17375e;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://largesystems-atc.blogspot.com/2006/10/vertigo-in-control-room.html"><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">https://largesystems-atc.blogspot.com/2006/10/vertigo-in-control-room.html</span></i></a><o:p></o:p></p>
<h3 style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; margin: 3pt 0in 0in;"><i><span style="color: #cc6600; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-weight: normal;"> </span></i></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p> </p>Air Traffic Control and Large Systemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12383935845301881036noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27872965.post-78836070913047181152022-06-20T05:45:00.000-07:002022-06-20T05:45:22.640-07:00MIT öğretmeni Gilbert STRANG'ın öğretim yaklaşımı<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">MIT
öğretmeni Gilbert STRANG'ın öğretim yaklaşımı<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #376092; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #376092; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">MIT teacher Gilbert STRANG's teaching approach<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">MIT
öğretmeni Gilbert STRANG'ın bu bahar dönemindeki Lineer Cebire Giriş dersini ön
kayıt videolarından izledim. Haftada 3 ders (Pzt, Çar, Cum) olmak üzere her
biri 45 dakikalık 34 video.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #376092; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #376092; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">I have viewed MIT teacher Gilbert STRANG's Introduction to Linear
Algebra course this spring semester from prerecording videos. There are 34 video lectures 45 minutes each,
3 lectures per week (Mon, Wed, Fri).<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Bence
STRANG ders anlatırken kendi iç sesini sınıfla paylaşmaya dayalı bir teknik
kullanıyor. Bunu, dile getirdiği sorun hakkında düşündüğü hemen hemen her şeyi
yüksek sesle söyleyerek yapar. Sonra sınıfa o an için ne düşündüklerini
söyletmeye çalışır. Ardından, sınıf katılımcısının iç sesi olarak sınıfın
zihninin ne üretmesi gerektiğini söyler. Bunu dönem boyunca sürekli olarak
yapar. Dönem sonunda bir katılımcı olarak STRANG'ın kendisi gibi düşünmeye
başlarsınız ve fikirler zihninizde belirir ve otomatik olarak dudaklarınıza
gelir.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #376092; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #376092; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">In my view, STRANG uses a technic based on sharing his own inner
voice with the class while teaching. He
does this by speaking out loudly almost evrything he thinks about the problem
he states. Then he tries to make the
class tell what they think, for that moment.
Then he speaks out what the class's mind should have generated as the
class participant's innervoice. He does
this continuously through the semester.
At the end of the semester you as a participant begin to think like
STRANG himself and ideas pop up in your mind and come to your lips
automatically. <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">There is an
interview with Mr. STRANG <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7UJ4CFRGd-U&t=4s<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">about his
teaching approach on the MIT web page: <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/18-06-linear-algebra-spring-2010/<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">İşte
röportajından bazı notlar:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">- Sistemim
yok.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">- Kilit
nokta, öğrencilerle birlikte düşünmek, burada, önünüzde dememektir.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">- Ben de
onlar gibi soruyu baştan sona düşünüyorum.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">- Ve zaman
vermelisin. Bir kanıtı sıkıştıramazsınız. Çünkü sınıfın seninle birlikte
düşünmesi gerekiyor.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">- Başarır
mıyım bilmiyorum ama deniyorum.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">- retorik
sorular hakkında, acele etmemenin bir parçası, kritik bir noktada duraklama.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">- Acele
edemezsin, fikri birkaç kez görmelisin<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Tahtada
semboller olarak 1., sonra bunun ne anlama geldiğini söylüyorsunuz ve sonunda
neden doğru olduğunu söylüyorsunuz<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">neden doğru
olduğunu söylemiyorsun, ilk anda ispatı,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">insanları
“evet bu doğru” diye düşündürmek istiyorsunuz.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">- Problemler
üzerinde çalışırken kendi düşünce tarzınızı anında ortaya koyarsınız.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">- Mizahın
rolü? İnsan yapmak için.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">-Nasıl
basitleştirilir? Bunu bir kez daha düşünmeye çalışıyorum ve hangi kelimeleri
kullanmanız gerektiğini otomatik olarak görüyorsunuz.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">- Kalabalık
bir sınıf düşüncesiyle nasıl bağlantı kuruyorsunuz? Sınıfın nerede olduğu
konusunda biraz bilinçli kalırsan... Herhangi bir konuşmacı gibi...<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">-
Cesaretlendirmeye çalışıyorum.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #376092; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #376092; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Here are some notes from his interview:<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #376092; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #376092; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">- I have no system.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #376092; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #376092; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">- The key point is to think with the students not to say here it
is, before you.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #376092; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #376092; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">- I think through the question all over again as they do.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #376092; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #376092; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">- And you have to give time.
You can't zip through a proof.
Because the class has to be sort of thinking with you.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #376092; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #376092; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">- I do not know if I achieve it but I try.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #376092; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #376092; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">- about rhetorical questions, they are part of not rushing it,
pause at a critical point.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #376092; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #376092; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">- You can't rush, you have to see the idea a few times<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #376092; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #376092; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">1st on the board as symbols, then you say what that means and
finally you say why it is true<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #376092; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #376092; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">you do not say why it is true, the proof at the first moment, <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #376092; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #376092; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">you want to make people think “yeah it is true”.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #376092; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #376092; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">- You display your own thinking kind of on the spot as you work through the problems<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #376092; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #376092; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">-The role of humour? To make it human.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #376092; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #376092; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">-How to make it simple? I
try to think it through once again and you sort of automatically see what words
you need to use.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #376092; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #376092; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">-How do you connect with the thinking of a large class? If you stay sort of conscious of the class
where they are... Like any speaker...<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p><i><span style="color: #376092; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #376092; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent1; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">-I try to be encouraging.</span></i> </p>Air Traffic Control and Large Systemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12383935845301881036noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27872965.post-11213546364618724122022-05-02T05:52:00.001-07:002022-05-02T05:52:47.404-07:00Illusions of consequence<p> </p><p align="center" class="Default" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #4b4e4d; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f">
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<p class="Default" style="text-align: center;"><b></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEincEx4-Nu4BWr61vnWguKAUUwly_WWARyWytugg6okVpY4U_g2MPc6m85WxeRIq_aB7LEg1h05R1S8b1wTVCP25CkxXtgf_T3gHulWg7gR6WgsYxgniNTp7J-mVyLRkiqTfJzmZ1cZjukox-0NKM0a1MtXjnGpbfI3oswxTTRNpthR3H18u0w/s225/illusionx.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="225" data-original-width="225" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEincEx4-Nu4BWr61vnWguKAUUwly_WWARyWytugg6okVpY4U_g2MPc6m85WxeRIq_aB7LEg1h05R1S8b1wTVCP25CkxXtgf_T3gHulWg7gR6WgsYxgniNTp7J-mVyLRkiqTfJzmZ1cZjukox-0NKM0a1MtXjnGpbfI3oswxTTRNpthR3H18u0w/w200-h200/illusionx.jpg" width="200" /></a></b></div><b><span style="color: #4b4e4d; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></b><p></p><p class="Default"><b><span style="color: #4b4e4d; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">İllüzyonların Sonuçları<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="Default"><i><span style="color: #558ed5; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #558ED5; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: "lumm=60000 lumo=40000"; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Illusions of consequence<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p>
<p class="Default"><i><span style="color: #558ed5; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #558ED5; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: "lumm=60000 lumo=40000"; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bu örneklerden bazıları anlamsız görünebilir.
Birinin bir elbiseyi siyah ve mavi olarak görmesi ve diğerinin onu beyaz ve
altın olarak görmesi neden önemli?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><i><span style="color: #558ed5; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #558ED5; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: "lumm=60000 lumo=40000"; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Some of these examples may seem frivolous. Why does it
matter that one person sees a dress as black and blue and another sees it as
white and gold?<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Önemli çünkü bilim adamları, aynı temel
süreçlerin, daha karmaşık algılarımızın ve düşüncelerimizin çoğunun altında
yattığına inanıyorlar. O halde sinirbilim, kültürümüzdeki ve politikamızdaki
inatçı kutuplaşmayı ve neden motive olmuş akıl yürütmeye bu kadar yatkın
olduğumuzu açıklamaya yardımcı olabilir.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><i><span style="color: #558ed5; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #558ED5; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: "lumm=60000 lumo=40000"; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;"><span style="color: windowtext;">It matters because scientists believe the same basic
processes underlie many of our more complicated perceptions and thoughts. Neuroscience,
then, can help explain stubborn polarization in our culture and politics, and
why we’re so prone to motivated reasoning.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bazen, özellikle aldığımız bilgiler net
olmadığında, görmek istediğimizi görürüz. Geçmişte araştırmacılar, küçük
ödüllerin bile insanların nesneleri algılama şeklini değiştirebileceğini
keşfettiler.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><i><span style="color: #558ed5; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #558ED5; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: "lumm=60000 lumo=40000"; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Sometimes, especially when the information we’re
receiving is unclear, we see what we want to see. In the past, researchers have
found that even slight rewards can change the way people perceive objects. <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">"Ve bu onları münakaşanın doğasına dair
farklı bir anlayışa götürüyor."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Önyargıyı beyinden tamamen kaldıramazsınız.
Balcetis, “Hepimizin farklı dünyalarda büyüdüğü gerçeğini değiştiremezsiniz”
dedi. Ancak insanları diğer bakış açılarını dinlemeye ve kendi bakış </span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">açılarının</span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> doğruluğunu
merak etmeye teşvik edebilirsiniz.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><i><span style="color: #558ed5; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #558ED5; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: "lumm=60000 lumo=40000"; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“And it leads
them to a different understanding of the nature of the altercation.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p>
<p class="Default"><i><span style="color: #558ed5; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #558ED5; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: "lumm=60000 lumo=40000"; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;"><span style="color: windowtext;">You can’t completely remove bias from the brain. “You
can’t change the fact that we’ve all grown up in different worlds,” Balcetis
said. But you can encourage people to listen to other perspectives and be curious
about the veracity of their own.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Konuştuğum sinirbilimciler, beynimizin
gördüklerimizi nasıl işlediğinin altında yatan büyük ilkelerin aynı zamanda
düşüncelerimizin çoğunun altında da yattığını söylediler. Martinez-Conde,
illüzyonların “batıl inancın temeli, büyülü düşüncenin temeli” olduğunu
söylüyor. “Birçok hatalı inancın temeli bu. Belirsizlikten çok rahatsızız.
Belirsizlik öyle ya da böyle, bazen de gerçeğe uymayan bir şekilde çözülecek.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: #558ed5; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #558ED5; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: "lumm=60000 lumo=40000"; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;"><span style="color: windowtext;">The neuroscientists I spoke to said the big principles
that underlie how our brains process what we see also underlie most of our
thinking. Illusions are “the basis of superstition, the basis of magical
thinking,” Martinez-Conde says. “It’s the basis for a lot of erroneous beliefs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We’re very uncomfortable with uncertainty.
The ambiguity is going to be resolved one way or another, and sometimes in a
way that does not match reality.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Siyaset bilimciler ve psikologlar, siyasi
partizanların siyasi inançlarına bağlı olarak güncel olayların gerçeklerini
nasıl farklı algıladıklarını uzun zamandır belgelemişlerdir. İllüzyonlar ve
politik düşünce aynı beyin süreçlerini içermez, ancak beynin çalıştığı benzer
kapsayıcı yolu takip ederler.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bir bakıma, önyargıyı sosyal bir yanılsama bir
illüzyon olarak düşünebilirsiniz.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><i><span style="color: #558ed5; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #558ED5; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: "lumm=60000 lumo=40000"; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Political scientists and psychologists have long documented
how political partisans <b>perceive the facts of current events </b>differently
depending on their political beliefs. The illusions and political thinking
don’t involve the same brain processes, but they follow the similar overarching
way the brain works.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p>
<p class="Default"><i><span style="color: #558ed5; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #558ED5; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: "lumm=60000 lumo=40000"; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;"><span style="color: windowtext;">In a way, you can think of <b>bias </b>as a social
illusion.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bu, tüm önyargı örneklerinin akılsız olduğu
anlamına gelmez - birçoğu açıkça kötü niyetli bir niyetle sahnelenir, ancak aynı
zamanda adaletsiz bir toplumda yılların deneyiminden veya sistemik ırkçılığın
sonucu olarak da inşa edilebilirler.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><i><span style="color: #558ed5; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #558ED5; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: "lumm=60000 lumo=40000"; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;"><span style="color: windowtext;">This isn’t to say that all instances of prejudice are
mindless —many are <b>enacted with clear malignant intention</b>, but they can
also be built from years of experience in an unjust society or as the result of
systemic racism.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Beynimiz, önceki deneyimlerimizi, duygularımızı
ve belirsizlikten duyduğumuz rahatsızlığı karşılamak için gerçekliği bükmek
için çok çalışır. Bu vizyonla olur. Ama aynı zamanda siyaset, pandemi veya
iklim değişikliği gerçeği hakkında düşünmek gibi daha karmaşık süreçlerle de
olur.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><i><span style="color: #558ed5; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #558ED5; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: "lumm=60000 lumo=40000"; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Our brains work hard to bend reality to meet our prior
experiences, our emotions, and our discomfort with uncertainty. This happens
with vision. But it also happens with more complicated processes, like thinking
about politics, the <b>pandemic</b>, or the reality of climate change.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Önemli Belirsizlik, dallanıp budaklanmış veya çatallanmış
öncelikler ve varsayımlarla birleştiğinde Anlaşmazlık verir. ... Bir görüntü,
olay veya başka bir uyaran tam olarak net olmadığında, boşlukları
önceliklerimiz veya varsayımlarımızla doldururuz. Ve farklı önceliklerimiz
olduğu için, bu, söz konusu görüntü veya olay hakkında anlaşmazlığa yol açar.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><i><span style="color: #558ed5; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #558ED5; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: "lumm=60000 lumo=40000"; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Substantial Uncertainty combined with Ramified or
Forked Priors and Assumptions yields Disagreement. ... When an image, event, or
some other stimulus isn’t perfectly clear, we fill in the gaps with our priors,
or presumptions. And because we have different priors, that leads to
disagreement about the image or event in question.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">İnsanların bunu okumasını ve gözlerimize
inanamayacağımızı veya düşüncemize kanıtları dahil edemeyeceğimizi
düşünmelerini istemiyorum. Doğrulanmış bilgi kaynaklarını araştırabiliriz.
Uzmanlığa yönelebilir ve ayrıca onu ciddiyetle sorgulayabiliriz.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><i><span style="color: #558ed5; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #558ED5; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: "lumm=60000 lumo=40000"; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;"><span style="color: windowtext;">I don’t want people to read this and think we can’t
believe our eyes, or we can’t incorporate evidence into our thinking. We can
seek out verified sources of information. We can turn to expertise and also
earnestly question it.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Deneyimlerimizin biraz yanlış olabileceğini
bilerek, hayatımızı nasıl sürdüreceğiz?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><i><span style="color: #558ed5; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #558ED5; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: "lumm=60000 lumo=40000"; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;"><span style="color: windowtext;">How do we go about ourlives knowing our experiences
might be a bit wrong?<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Cevap veren yok. Ve bu, bireysel olarak çözmemiz pek
mümkün olmayan bir problem. Bunun bizi, entelektüel olarak daha alçakgönüllü
olmaya ve bize ait olmayan bakış açıları arama alışkanlığını geliştirmeye
teşvik etmesini öneririm. Kusurlarımızı merak etmeliyiz, çünkü bu merak bizi
gerçeğe daha da yaklaştırabilir. Alçakgönüllülüğü kutlayan ve “yanılmışım”
demenin toplumsal maliyetini azaltan kültürler ve kurumlar inşa edebiliriz.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><i><span style="color: #558ed5; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #558ED5; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: "lumm=60000 lumo=40000"; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;"><span style="color: windowtext;">There’s no one answer. And it’s a problem we’re
unlikely to solve individually. I’d suggest that it should nudge us to be <b>more
intellectually humble </b>and to cultivate a habit of seeking outperspectives
that are not our own. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We should be
curious about our imperfections, as that curiosity may lead us closer to the
truth. We can build cultures and institutions that celebrate humility and
reduce the social cost for saying, “<b>I was wrong</b>.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bu kolay değil. Psikolojimiz bunu zorlaştırıyor.
Balcetis geçen yıl bana “Dünyayı görme şeklimizin gerçekte olduğu gibi olduğu
konusunda saf bir gerçekçiliğe sahibiz” dedi. Naif gerçekçilik, dünya algımızın
gerçeği yansıttığı hissidir.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><i><span style="color: #558ed5; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #558ED5; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: "lumm=60000 lumo=40000"; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;"><span style="color: windowtext;">This isn’t easy. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Our psychology makes it hard. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“We have this naive realism that the way we
see the world is the way that it really is,” Balcetis <b>told me last year</b>.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Naive realism is the feeling that our
perception of the world reflects the truth.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt;">8/21/2021 The neuroscience of
optical illusions, explained – Vox </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Air Traffic Control and Large Systemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12383935845301881036noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27872965.post-85378332685794866292022-04-26T08:10:00.003-07:002022-04-26T08:14:48.130-07:00People assume what they see more of<p> </p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Neyi
daha çok görmüşsek gördüklerimizi o zannederiz<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">People assume what they see more of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTmhj_RwWwZna85ZdiWJERJQJEPn1LWI8ntm40DxtaQ1LT2maYwkYADZlFwIqdMWiVrlGGSIbu-IjD17oMw7i6M8gl3pNA7sgYDnpaxHpMk2kChwRivj5SVjAdg3Z-YxCiaIv_EwErCGOjgpsZ9dQS4ITY7Mm18Hijnfob_lY6ZNtnpynDcl8/s300/111.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="225" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTmhj_RwWwZna85ZdiWJERJQJEPn1LWI8ntm40DxtaQ1LT2maYwkYADZlFwIqdMWiVrlGGSIbu-IjD17oMw7i6M8gl3pNA7sgYDnpaxHpMk2kChwRivj5SVjAdg3Z-YxCiaIv_EwErCGOjgpsZ9dQS4ITY7Mm18Hijnfob_lY6ZNtnpynDcl8/w150-h200/111.jpg" width="150" /></a></div><p class="Default" style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #4b4e4d;">We
use surrounding color cues and assumptions about lighting to guess an object’s
true color. Sometimes those guesses are wrong, and sometimes we make different
assumptions from others. Neuroscientists have some intriguing new insights into
why our perceptions can diverge from one another.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #17375E; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">Bir nesnenin gerçek
rengini tahmin etmek için çevreleyen renk ipuçlarını ve aydınlatmayla ilgili
varsayımları kullanırız. Bazen bu tahminler yanlış çıkar, bazen de
diğerlerinden farklı varsayımlarda bulunuruz. Nörobilimciler, algılarımızın
neden birbirinden farklı olabileceğine dair bazı ilgi çekici yeni görüşlere
sahipler.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Is it in bright daylight? Or under an indoor light
bulb? By unconsciously filtering out the color of light we think is falling on
an object, we come to a judgment about its color.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><b><i><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #17375E; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Parlak gün ışığında mı? Veya bir iç mekan ampulünün
altında mı? Bir cismin üzerine düştüğünü düşündüğümüz ışığın rengini
bilinçsizce filtreleyerek, rengi hakkında bir yargıya varırız.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Wallisch
believes people who see this image differently are using different filtering
schemes.Most interestingly, he suggests that life experience leads you to see
the dress one way or the other.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><b><i><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #17375E; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Wallisch, bu görüntüyü farklı şekilde gören insanların
farklı filtreleme şemaları kullandığına inanıyor. En ilginç olanı, yaşam
deneyiminin elbiseyi şu ya da bu şekilde görmenize yol açtığını öne sürüyor.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It
could be prior experience with the subject matter, or related to other aspects
of people’s personality,” he says.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><b><i><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #17375E; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Konuyla ilgili önceden deneyim olabilir veya
insanların kişiliğinin diğer yönleriyle ilgili olabilir” diyor.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">— our brains fill in the ambiguity using whatever
we’re most familiar with. “People assume what they see more of,” Wallisch says.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If we’re more familiar with bright,
sunny light, we assume that’s the default lighting. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><b><i><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #17375E; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;"><span style="color: windowtext;">- Beynimiz, en aşina olduğumuz şeyi kullanarak
belirsizliği doldurur. Wallisch, “İnsanlar daha çok gördüklerini varsayıyorlar”
diyor. Parlak, güneşli ışığa daha aşinaysak, bunun varsayılan aydınlatma olduğunu
varsayıyoruz.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">But
we have no way of knowing how our experiences guide our perception. “Your brain
makes a lot of unconscious inferences, and it doesn’t tell you that it’s an
inference,” he explains. “You see whatever you see. Your brain doesn’t tell
you, ‘I took into account how much daylight I’ve seen in my life.’”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #17375E; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">Ancak
deneyimlerimizin algımıza nasıl rehberlik ettiğini bilmenin hiçbir yolu yok.
“Beyniniz çok sayıda bilinçsiz çıkarım yapar ve size bunun bir çıkarım olduğunu
söylemez” diye açıklıyor. "Ne görürsen onu görürsün. Beyniniz size
'Hayatımda ne kadar gün ışığı gördüğümü hesaba kattım' demiyor.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt;">8/21/2021 The neuroscience of
optical illusions, explained – Vox </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><br /></p>Air Traffic Control and Large Systemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12383935845301881036noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27872965.post-6831118927220924062022-04-18T04:42:00.000-07:002022-04-18T04:42:27.650-07:00<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SENSES NEURISH SELF<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></p>
<div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8XbUKPSsvOm3-sxe6QuGGIU6pS_gz8nBtzReLY7-2zomcjGxuhyiXVL7d0pxdSMFBuk-RzBCD5Ej40HqUYU2MeYWkEkcaRynK_KjblMRXKBfNKKte9hrBgXbKNyl0dVwvRmLS4e_6quE1LZdTZV4Z7KPuU8F1MYFG0KvXhkfinNub1Zg9cSo/s715/Arousing%20Senses.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="715" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8XbUKPSsvOm3-sxe6QuGGIU6pS_gz8nBtzReLY7-2zomcjGxuhyiXVL7d0pxdSMFBuk-RzBCD5Ej40HqUYU2MeYWkEkcaRynK_KjblMRXKBfNKKte9hrBgXbKNyl0dVwvRmLS4e_6quE1LZdTZV4Z7KPuU8F1MYFG0KvXhkfinNub1Zg9cSo/s320/Arousing%20Senses.jpg" width="224" /></a></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">When we hold
a hammer and use it, the hammer becomes part of our body.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We do not think explicitly<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of holding the hammer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We just direct it and hit the nail with it as
if using a part of our body.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is
called embodiment.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p>When we
drive a car we feel as if the car is part of our body. We use the wheel and the
break/gas pedal without explicitly noticing them. We just drive the car. The car becomes a part of our embodiment.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p>Embodiment
exists in many layers in fact. For example,
we do not explicitly feel our fingers and distinctive muscles in our hand when
we hold something. Our hand is part of
our body, it is part of our embodiment.
We feel fingers and hand muscles
as part of hand, as the embodiment of hand.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">At the core of
this onion like layers lies the self.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Body is the embodiment of self.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Returning
back to the car as an embodiment, we do
not feel that we hold the driving wheel explicitly when we drive. But in the case of an emergency, we are
conditioned to hold the drivers wheel much strongly and squeeze our hands on
it. This stops the automatic processes
and increases our attention to the urgent situation.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p>The driving
wheel is the interface between the car and the driver. Increasing the importance of the interface increases
the feeling of the body. Interface
nourishes the body.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p>Returning
back to the hand as an embodiment of self; hand is an interface between self
and the environment. We feel the hand and
even all the body through our senses.
Senses are part of the interface mechanism between self and the body and
environment.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p>“Arousing
the Senses” nourishes the self as Tommie Hahn’s book suggests.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br />Air Traffic Control and Large Systemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12383935845301881036noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27872965.post-54924393525866297302022-03-29T01:01:00.004-07:002022-03-29T01:01:57.260-07:00TO SEE THE MOVEMENT<p></p><p style="background: white;"><span style="color: #4c4e4d; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">TO SEE THE MOVEMENT</span></p><p style="background: white;"><span style="color: #4c4e4d; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">HAREKETİ GÖRMEK</span></p><p style="background: white;"><span style="color: #4c4e4d; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fix your gaze on the black dot on the left side of
this image. But wait! Finish reading this paragraph first. As you gaze at the
left dot, try to answer this question: In what direction is the object on the
right moving? Is it drifting diagonally, or is it moving up and down?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white;"><span style="color: #4c4e4d; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Remember, focus on the dot on the left.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><b><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">Bakışınızı bu
görüntünün sol tarafındaki siyah noktaya sabitleyin. Fakat bekle! Önce bu
paragrafı okumayı bitirin. Sol noktaya bakarken şu soruyu yanıtlamaya çalışın:
Sağdaki nesne hangi yönde hareket ediyor? Çapraz olarak mı sürükleniyor, yoksa
yukarı ve aşağı mı hareket ediyor?<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><b><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">Unutma,
soldaki noktaya odaklan.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Cn-TTIqVy2GebdFEyX05yjrJXXs=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/19726869/illusion.gif"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Cn-TTIqVy2GebdFEyX05yjrJXXs=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/19726869/illusion.gif</span></a><span style="color: #4b4e4d; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We
want to find where the conscious perception diverges from the physical
sensation,” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">...</span><span style="color: #4b4e4d; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“There’s
a whole world of visual analysis and computation and prediction that is
happening outside of the visual system, happening in the frontal lobes,”
Cavanagh says. That’s where the“story” of reality is constructed. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">You
can’t seem to consciously override the ‘wrong’ interpretation.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The lesson: The stories our brains tell us about
reality are extremely compelling, even when they are wrong. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><b><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">Bilinçli algı fiziksel duyumdan
ayrılmaktadır.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="Default"><b><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="Default"><b><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">Görme
mekanizmamızın dışında, beynimizin ön kısımlarında gerçekleşen bir görsel
analiz, hesaplama ve tahmin dünyası var.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Gerçekliğin “hikayesinin” inşa edildiği yer burasıdır.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="Default"><b><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="Default"><b><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">Yanlış
‘gördüklerimizi’ bilinçli olarak geçersiz kılamıyoruz.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Çünkü yanlışlığın kaynağı bizden habersiz
yorum yapan beynimiz.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ama beynimizin
bize gerçeklik hakkında anlattığı hikayeler, yanlış olsalar bile son derece
ilgi çekicidir.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="Default"><b><span style="color: #4b4e4d; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="Default"><b><span style="color: #4b4e4d; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We’re not seeing reality. Our vision runs 100
milliseconds behind the real world. </span></b><span style="color: #4b4e4d; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Why
are we seeing a story about the world — <i>a story </i>— and not the real deal?
It’s not because evolution made our minds flawed. It’s actually an adaptation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“We
don’t have the necessary machinery, and we wouldn’t even want it, to process
carefully all of the amount of information that we’re constantly bombarded
with,” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“The
dirty little secret about sensory systems is that they’re slow, they’re lagged,
they’re not about what’s happening right now but what’s happening 50
milliseconds ago, or, in the case for vision, hundreds of milliseconds ago.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><b><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">Gerçeğin
kendisini göremiyoruz. Görme yeteneğimiz gerçek dünyanın 100 milisaniye
gerisinde.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Neden dünya hakkında bir
hikaye görüyoruz - bir hikaye – gerçeğin kendisi değil? Bunun nedeni, doğanın
evrimyasasının zihinlerimizi kusurlu hale getirmesi değil. Aslında değişen
koşullara bir uyumun soucu bu uyarlama.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="Default"><b><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="Default"><b><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">"Sürekli
bombardımana tutulduğumuz bu olağanüstü büyük <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bilgi miktarını dikkatli bir şekilde işlemeyi
istemeyiz bile. Doğal olarak bunun için gerekli mekanizmalarada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sahip değiliz. "<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="Default"><b><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="Default"><b><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">"Duyu
sistemleriyle ilgili kirli küçük sır, yavaş olmaları, gecikmeli olmaları, şu
anda ne olduğuyla değil, 50 milisaniye önce veya görme durumunda, yüzlerce
milisaniye önce ne olduğuyla ilgili olmalarıdır.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">So the brain predicts the path of motion before it
happens. It tells us a story about where the object is heading, and this story
becomes our reality. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“For
moving things — we see them ahead on their path of motion by just enough.” The illusion
here is actually functional. It helps us overcome these delays and see things
... where they will be when we get there.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: #4b4e4d; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">what we experience as consciousness is primarily the
prediction, not the real-time feed. The actual sensory information just serves
as error correction. “If you were always using sensory information, errors
would accumulate in ways that would lead to quite catastrophic effects on your
motor control,”. Our brains like to predict as much as possible, then use our
senses to course-correct when the predictions go wrong. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><b><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">Böylece
beyin, hareketin yolunu hareket gerçekleşmeden önce tahmin eder. Bize nesnenin
nereye gittiği hakkında bir hikaye anlatır ve bu hikaye bizim gerçeğimiz olur.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="Default"><b><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="Default"><b><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">"Hareket
eden nesneleri hareket yollarında yeterince ileride görüyoruz." Buradaki
illüzyon aslında işlevseldir. Bu illüzyon gecikmelerin üstesinden gelmemize ve nesneleri
oraya vardıklarında nerede olacaklarsa orada görmemize yardımcı oluyor.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="Default"><b><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="Default"><b><i><span style="color: #17365d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">Bilinç olarak
deneyimlediğimiz şey, gerçekte olan, gerçekleşen değil, önceliklebir <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tahmindir. Gerçek duyusal bilgi sadece hata
düzeltme işlevi görür. "Her zaman duyusal bilgileri kullanıyor olsaydınız,
motor kontrolünüz üzerinde çok feci etkilere yol açacak şekilde hatalar
birikirdi". Beynimiz mümkün olduğu kadar çok tahminde bulunmayı sever,
sonra tahminler yanlış gittiğinde rotayı düzeltmek için duyularımızı kullanır.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>Brian Resnick, The neuroscience of optical illusions, explained - Vox, Jun 22, 2020<p></p>Air Traffic Control and Large Systemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12383935845301881036noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27872965.post-7592747551667958472022-02-27T22:30:00.002-08:002022-02-27T22:30:56.186-08:00Illusions<p> </p><h1 align="center" style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: red; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR;">ILLUSIONS<o:p></o:p></span></i></h1>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhSD1X45y00_c8JPRF3Q7joQo4pjcKgC1VdUcCNcFyQFOrOjoyq72PGptyI81T9zOUEq9Vzj240HoZMqK61zxg_0isJVA33hMEIjBR3OLVhLeyBVIlF_g7-CJAGqT-sxJtb8eOx-yekrVWrw1ta15FPSc-nOuz-QbbjVUT5tStPLXOXEldtFUU=s393" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="393" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhSD1X45y00_c8JPRF3Q7joQo4pjcKgC1VdUcCNcFyQFOrOjoyq72PGptyI81T9zOUEq9Vzj240HoZMqK61zxg_0isJVA33hMEIjBR3OLVhLeyBVIlF_g7-CJAGqT-sxJtb8eOx-yekrVWrw1ta15FPSc-nOuz-QbbjVUT5tStPLXOXEldtFUU=w163-h200" width="163" /></a></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span>The evolution of human being has
developed special frames to handle extremely difficult situations. These are called illusions. The
brain tries to handle the difficult situation itself with builtin abilities with
special tendencies or processes. In fact what we perceive as reality
is the reality our brain creates using the information it receives from the
outer environment.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span> “<span style="background: white;">Visual illusions occur due to properties of the visual areas of the
brain as they receive and process information. In other words, your perception
of an illusion has more to do with how your brain works -- and less to do with
the optics of your eye. <sup>[3]</sup> </span>”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="background: white;"> </span><span style="background: white;">“Psychologist </span><a href="https://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/pdf/S1364-6613(97)01060-7.pdf?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1364661397010607" target="_blank"><span style="background: rgb(233, 233, 233); color: black; text-decoration-line: none;">Richard Gregory classified optical
illusions</span></a><span style="background: white;"> into physical, physiological and cognitive, subdivided in turn into
fictions, ambiguities, paradoxes and distortions. These different effects
involve distinct mechanisms and various levels of neural processing. <sup>[4]</sup> ”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="background: white;"> “Visual
illusions are defined by the dissociation between the physical reality and the
subjective perception of an object or event. When we experience a visual
illusion, we may see something that is not there or fail to see something that
is there. Because of this disconnect between perception and reality, visual illusions
demonstrate the ways in which the brain can fail to re-create the physical
world. </span><sup>[5]</sup><span style="background: white;"> “</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span> Illusions are not limited
to the visual domain. Illusions may vary from social illusions to
economical, visual to bodily felt ones and even more.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><i>REFERENCES:</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-themecolor: text1;">[1]</span></i><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Emotional Hangover? NYU
Researchers Find that There is Dec 31, 2016 New York City<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-themecolor: text1;">[2]</span></i><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Sartre, Sketch for a Theory
of Emotions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-themecolor: text1;">[3]</span></i><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-themecolor: text1;"> CARI
NIERENBERG, Optical Illusions: When Your Brain Can't Believe Your
Eyes, ABC News Medical November 2008<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-themecolor: text1;">[4]</span></i><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Why Optical Illusions Fool
Our Brain,<span style="background: white;"> Open Mind </span>October
2020<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-themecolor: text1;">[5]</span></i><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/author/susana-martinez-conde/"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Susana Martinez-Conde</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-themecolor: text1;">, </span><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/author/stephen-l-macknik/"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Stephen L. Macknik</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-themecolor: text1;">, The Neuroscience of Illusion, How tricking the eye reveals the inner
workings of the brain, Scientific American</span><span style="mso-fareast-language: TR;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h1>Air Traffic Control and Large Systemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12383935845301881036noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27872965.post-90484274657301186032022-02-25T02:31:00.001-08:002022-02-25T02:31:16.875-08:00Emotion regulation - Duygu yönetimi<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiC744J0nrqPT-CbGeMkcwVQ9YIvbY_uKfpvPPeNwGQiEq2nfFf8QppYYhJElmmZzPE_mOTJ-dF9HHtxnCTSBuctK9zmkJUnleIFdKvCZgc3gS42k9b6PJYE1ufcewYl5RWjziNt-jOQ02F7xf65fNACF-9DIqZj1xnNVcMpht3TRwIe06-hXg=s720" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="519" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiC744J0nrqPT-CbGeMkcwVQ9YIvbY_uKfpvPPeNwGQiEq2nfFf8QppYYhJElmmZzPE_mOTJ-dF9HHtxnCTSBuctK9zmkJUnleIFdKvCZgc3gS42k9b6PJYE1ufcewYl5RWjziNt-jOQ02F7xf65fNACF-9DIqZj1xnNVcMpht3TRwIe06-hXg=s320" width="231" /></a></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The process model involved
in emotion generation: <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">(a) an
emotional situation arises;<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">(b)
attention<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is directed toward the
situation;<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">(c) an
appraisal of the situation is formed; and finally<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">(d) an
emotional response to the situation is generated (Gross & Thompson, 2007)
[3] .<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">emotion regulation
strategies<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">1-situation
selection and situation modification, primary impact on the emotional
situation.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">3-attentional
deployment, such as distraction and rumination.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">4-cognitive
change, such as cognitive reappraisal.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">5-response
modulation, such as expressive suppression <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">---------------------<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #548dd4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;">Duygu oluşumuyla ilgili süreç:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">(a) duygusal
bir durum ortaya çıkar<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">(b) dikkat
bu duruma yönelir<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">(c) durumun
bir değerlendirilmesi oluşturulur<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">(d) duruma
ilişkin duygusal bir yanıt oluşturulur<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #548dd4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;">duygu yönetme stratejileri:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">1- durum
seçimi ve durumun değişikliğe uğratılması durum üzerinde ilk tepki<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">2-dikkatin
devreye alınması, dikkat dağıtma, sürekli tekrarlayarak önemini azaltma<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">3-anlamsal
olarak karşı çıkma, anlamını yeniden değerlendirme<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">4-yanıtın
değişikliğe uğratılması<o:p></o:p></p>Air Traffic Control and Large Systemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12383935845301881036noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27872965.post-56025746024275951172022-01-07T07:38:00.002-08:002022-01-07T07:38:55.708-08:00Trivial things<div style="text-align: center;">“Imagination is more important than knowledge. </div><div style="text-align: center;">For knowledge is limited to all we know and understand, </div><div style="text-align: center;">while imagination embraces the entire world, </div><div style="text-align: center;"> and all there ever will be to know and understand.” </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">But good things that may happen to us </div><div style="text-align: center;">is limited by the human imagination. </div><div style="text-align: center;"> The bad things that may happen is limitless. </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Imagination is a dynamic process </div><div style="text-align: center;">and it redefines itself the moment we understand. </div><div style="text-align: center;">Like our feelings...
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">ARS</span></div>Air Traffic Control and Large Systemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12383935845301881036noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27872965.post-85370592336055349862021-12-04T00:14:00.000-08:002021-12-04T00:14:43.674-08:00Frames of Cognition - 3<p style="text-align: center;"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXVxy6-a0MK2d_3wypvmYTvgXa8CwHKQxkXdjl_si9pYTFRdUTu3YepO2DEzLIuzV1-timwiKdd2A-9yeEuMoMIuHwZ6TSHH-EuCt69JDZRYj4yilvL_QVpDtf0kendnFtIfOKsw/s600/aaa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXVxy6-a0MK2d_3wypvmYTvgXa8CwHKQxkXdjl_si9pYTFRdUTu3YepO2DEzLIuzV1-timwiKdd2A-9yeEuMoMIuHwZ6TSHH-EuCt69JDZRYj4yilvL_QVpDtf0kendnFtIfOKsw/w400-h266/aaa.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">FRAMES
OF COGNITION - 3</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Each
perceivable context triggers some node/word in our semantic vocabulary.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this sense the daily usage of frames
inherently function the same as the cognitive, psychological and sociological
uses of frames.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span>What
happens if a simple frame that is perceived, cannot signify a node/word in our
semantic vocabulary? This happens in
three possibilities... </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">First the signification may reside
somewhere else outside the semantic memory.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It may be a feeling. In amygdala, feelings disappear when addressed. It
may be a combination of feelings learned, a wide span of fear vs. anger.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Second it may be a partial context
that may fit a signification when completed, either feeling or semantic.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Third it may be a completely new
context trigging/pointing to a new feeling or <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gradually a new semantic object.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p>“ ‘Emotion’ is a state of mind,”
Davachi says and continues. “These findings make clear that our cognition is
highly influenced by preceding experiences and, specifically, that emotional
brain states can persist for long periods of time. <sup>[1]</sup> ”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p>Sartre says
“Emotion is a specific manner of apprehending the world” and adds “Emotion is a
transformation of the world. <sup>[2]</sup> ”</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p>Sartre
goes further than Devachi and links the situation that emotion exists in, with
the emotion. Joy is a feeling that is
created by specific situations. It is a
state of mind tightly connected to specific events in life. The specific events are placed in the
episodic memory. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span>Joy is triggered
by events that are similar to the past events that have created joy. Each person may have different experiences
related to joy. While roughly close,
each person may differ in what they feel as joy, as a result of this. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span>The joyous
events in the episodic memory are connected to a specific location in the
amygdala. Joy as word and abstract
concept is primarily created and located in the cerebrum/semantic memory. As all the feelings when joy is perceived
consciously, namely when you become conscious of it, it triggers semantic joy
and disappears as a feeling.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span>Vigilance
is a mixed feeling. We become vigil
against a possible bad situation for somebody or something. The
nodes in the semantic memory form the collections which trigg the vigilance frame. These nodes are instances that exist in the
semantic memory. If the nodes of a
frame’s collection do not exist as instantiations, but if they exist as a
polymorphic possibility, they may point out to a state of mind rather than a
specific node in the semantic memory.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span>Vigilance
is a state of mind. The collection of
vigilance frame has pointers of various sets of related dangers/risks that may
be inherited by polymorphic instances. But the reality of external input is not there
yet. As Sartre has stated “the emotional
subject and the object of emotion are united in an indissoluble synthesis. <sup>[2]</sup>
” So, the emotion can not exist fully. The connection of possible cases create a
mild sensitivity feeling of/to a general amygdala connection triggered by
these: vigilance, wakefulness, etc.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span>What
happens if a partial context that may fit some part of a signification when
completed? This may happen in complex
situations. For ex. Some event may be joyous but sad on the other
hand.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The evolution
of human being has developed special frames to handle extremely difficult
situations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">These are
called illusions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The brain tries to
handle the difficult situation itself with builtin abilities<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">With
special tendencies or processes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In fact
what we perceive as reality is the reality our brain creates using the
information it receives from the outer environment.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span>“<span style="background: white;">Visual illusions occur due to properties
of the visual areas of the brain as they receive and process information. In
other words, your perception of an illusion has more to do with how your brain
works -- and less to do with the optics of your eye. <sup>[3]</sup> </span>”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="background: white; color: #212529;">“</span><span style="background: white;">Psychologist </span><a href="https://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/pdf/S1364-6613(97)01060-7.pdf?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1364661397010607" target="_blank"><span style="background: #E9E9E9; color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Richard
Gregory classified optical illusions</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #212529;"> into
physical, physiological and cognitive, subdivided in turn into fictions,
ambiguities, paradoxes and distortions. These different effects involve
distinct mechanisms and various levels of neural processing. <sup>[4]</sup> ”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #212529; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #323232;">“Visual illusions are defined by
the dissociation between the physical reality and the subjective perception of
an object or event. When we experience a visual illusion, we may see something
that is not there or fail to see something that is there. Because of this
disconnect between perception and reality, visual illusions demonstrate the
ways in which the brain can fail to re-create the physical world. </span><sup style="color: #323232;">[5]</sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #323232;">
“</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: #212529; font-size: 10pt;">Illusions are not limited to the visual domain.</span><span style="color: #212529; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #212529; font-size: 10pt;">Illusions may vary from social illusions to
economical, visual to bodily felt ones and even more.</span><span style="color: #212529; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #212529; font-size: 10pt;">I will ponder on the concept of illusions on
my next article.</span><span style="color: #212529; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #212529; font-size: 10pt;">I will also handle
cases that the percepted inputs are not complete.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: red; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">REFERENCES:<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[1]</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Emotional
Hangover? NYU Researchers Find that There is</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dec 31, 2016</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">New York City</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></i><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Sartre, Sketch for a Theory of Emotions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">[3]</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #2b2c2d; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR;">CARI NIERENBERG,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> Optical Illusions: When Your Brain Can't Believe Your
Eyes, </span><span style="color: #2b2c2d; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR;">ABC News Medical </span><span style="color: #656565; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR;">November 2008</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: TR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #212529; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></i><span style="color: #212529; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Why Optical Illusions Fool Our
Brain,<span style="background: white;"> Open Mind </span>October 2020 <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[5]</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/author/susana-martinez-conde/"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Susana
Martinez-Conde</span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">, </span><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/author/stephen-l-macknik/"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Stephen L.
Macknik</span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">, The
Neuroscience of Illusion, How tricking the eye reveals the inner workings of
the brain, Scientific American</span><span style="color: #212529; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Air Traffic Control and Large Systemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12383935845301881036noreply@blogger.com