Understanding Cockpits as Cognitive Systems

From UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Cognition in Flight: Understanding Cockpits as Cognitive Systems

A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Cognitive Science by Barbara E. Holder

Utilizing principles of Hutchins (1995) distributed cognition theoretical framework I set about the task of describing how the cockpit functioned as a cognitive system in both cases.

Thinking of a cockpit as a cognitive system requires an expanded unit of analysis that includes not just the pilots, but also the displays, procedures and interactions that contribute to aircraft operation. Thus, the cockpit may be seen as an information processing system that is distributed across its social, physical, and conceptual environments. 

Pilots are participants in a cognitive system and aircraft behavior is not merely a function of pilot knowledge it also depends on how pilots coordinate cockpit resources to organize actions, decisions, and judgements.

Recent research in cockpit workload management suggests that preoccupation with one task may result in the shedding of other important tasks. Under some circumstances the tasks shed may include the navigation and control of the aircraft. 

Raby and Wickens (1994) found that as workload increased, subjects adjusted their task 16 16 performance strategies, but those strategies were not elaborate. Tasks of higher priority were given more attention over time and lower priority tasks were further degraded in priority or shed. 

They concluded pilots who performed well appeared to perform their tasks earlier and were more flexible in switching between tasks. Attention saturation, or tunnel vision, may be induced by cognitive demand (Williams, 1995).

Information gathering activities that contribute to situation awareness add to workload and the maintenance of situation awareness requires resources that may compete with ongoing task performance(Adams, Tenney, & Pew, 1995). 

In situations where the state of the aircraft is changing not every change is important nor meaningful. Pilots who shift attention from one item to another may not be able to formulate a coherent picture, but unless pilots shift attention critical cues needed to update a situation assessment may be missed (Woods, Johannesen, Cook, & Sarter, 1994).

Muamele Analizi ve Otomatik Yanıt

Muamele Analizi ve Otomatik Yanıt

Transactional Analysis and Automatic Processing

Muamele Analizi [1] insan kişiliğinin Ebeveyn, Olgun, Çocuk olarak adlandırılan üç unsurdan oluştuğunu ileri sürer.  Herhangi belirli bir durumda birey, kişinin o anda hissettiği şekle karşı düşen bir davranış deseni gösterir.  Duygular değişirken, kişinin gösterdiği davranış desenleri de değişir.

Transactional Analysis [1] states that human personality is made up of three elements which he referred to as Parent, Adult and Child.  . In any given situation an individual will exhibit a certain pattern of  behaviour which corresponds to the way that person is actually feeling at the time. As feelings change, so also do the patterns of behaviour which the person displays.

Ebeveyn ego durumu ebeveyn kişilerinden elde edilen bir grup düşünce, duygu ve davranış içerir.  Ebeveyn ego durumu insanların bir çok durumda otomatik yanıt vermesini sağlar.  Bu, kişinin çabuk ve yorulmadan tepki göstermesini sağlar.

The Parent ego state represents a set of thoughts, feelings and behaviour which are derived from parental figures.  Parent ego state enables people to respond automatically in many situations.  This

enables the person to react quickly and without unncessary energy.  Parent  ego state has all the attributes of any automatic process.

Kontrollu işlemlerin tersine otomatik işlemler [2] farkında olmadan seçimler içerir.  Bu işlemler çabasız, hızlıdır, ve performansı etkilemeden diğer işlemlerle aynı anda yapılabilirler.  Otomatik işlemler bir kere başlatıldıktan sonra değiştirilmeleri zordur.  Dolayısıyla, eğer bir insan sesini yükseltirse derdini anlatıp bitirmeden önce hafifletmesi pek olası değildir.

Contrary to the controlled processes automatic processes [2]  involve selection without awareness. These processes are effortless, fast, and can be carried out concurrently with other processes without compromising performance. Once automatic processes are initiated, they are difficult to modify.  So, if a person raises his/her voice it is very unlikely that it will stop before its content ends.

Ayrıca, otomatik süreçler declarative uzun dönem bellekte değişkilik yapmazlar.  Dolayısıyla, bir insan işten eve ‘oto-pilot’ ile döner ve yol hakkında hiç bir şey hatırlamaz.  Bu, yüksek sesle kavga eden kişilerin daha sonra pek bir şey hatırlamamalarını açıklayabilir.

Also, automatic processes typically do not produce changes in declarative long-term memory. Consequently, a person may drive home from work on ‘auto-pilot’ and have no conscious memory of the trip.  This may be the reason why people do not remember much after they quarrel loudly.

Otomatik işlemler otomatik olarak icra edilir fakat bilinçli olarak ta çalıştırılabilir.  Bilinçaltının bir parçasıdırlar.  Bilinçaltı ya da ön-bilinç bilinçli zihne getirilebilme yeteneğine sahip herşeyden oluşur. [1].  Bilinçaltı eğer onları düşünebilirsek farkına varabileceğimiz bütün tepkileri ve otomatik hareketleri tanımlar.

The automatic processes are performed automaticly but they can also be executed consciously.  They are part of the subconscious.  The preconscious (subconscious)- consists of anything that could potentially be brought into the conscious mind[1].  Subconscious defines all reactions and automatic actions we can become aware of if we think about them.

Örneğin, otomobil sürme yeteneğimiz: bir kez ustalaştıktan sonra hangi vitesi kullanacağımızı, hangi pedala basacağımızı veya hangi aynaya bakacağımızı düşünmeyi bırakırız, yine de onun hakkında düşünecek olursak ne yaptığımızın farkına varabiliriz [3].

For example, our ability to drive a car: once we get skilled we stop thinking which gears to use, which pedals to press, or which mirror to look at, yet can always become aware of what was done once we think about it [3].

Biliçaltı bilinçsizlik ve bilinç arasında bir geçiştir.  Bilincin  bilinçsizlik ile iletişim kurduğu bir arayüzdür.

Aynı zamanda bilinçsizlik içindeki bilgi/duygular deryasını saklamaya yardım eder [4].

The subconscious is the transition between unconscious and conscious.  It is an interface with which conscious communicates with the unconscious.  It also helps to hide the plethora of information/feelings etc. that reside in the unconscious [4].

Bir ATCO’nun bir pilota bağırdığı az görülen bir durum değildir.  Bu, çocuklukta benzer bir durumda tetiklenmiş ve ebeveyn ego tarafından taşınmış otomatik, niyet edilmemiş bir davranış olabilir.  Çocuklukta kontrol edici ebeveynlerden ani bir korku bağırmayı tetikleyebilir.  Bağıran kişinin iletişim sırasında davranışını hemen değiştirmesi pek olası değildir.  4444’te olduğu gibi standart pilot – ATCO jargonunu kullanmak bu durumdaki riskleri azaltabilir.

It is not rare that we hear an ATCO shouting at a pilot.  It is possibly an automatic, unintentional behaviour which is trigged similar to a situation in her/his childhood and carried by the parent ego.

The sudden feeling of fear from controlling parents at childhood may trigger shouting.  It is not likely that the shouting person can modify his/her behaviour during the intercourse.  The use of standard pilot –  ATCO jargonlike in 4444 may reduce the risks related to this situation.

REFERENCES:

[1] Aldi Yudha; Counselling Skills and theory, 4th Edition by Margaret Hough (2014)

[2] ] LANA M. TRICKy*, JAMES T. ENNSz, JESSICA MILLSz and JOHN VAVRIKx, ‘Paying attention behind the wheel: a framework for studying the roleof attention in driving’,Theor. Issues in Ergon. Sci. September–October 2004, vol. 5, no. 5, 385–424, (yDepartment of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, zUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,xInsurance Corporation of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada)

[3] The Structure of the Mind, According to Freud, By Kendra Cherry   Updated March 11, 2019

[4] Gregory Mitchell; The Cognitive Unconscious

https://mind-development.eu/cognitive-subconscious.html

[5] Dr. Robert Williams; Processing Information with Nonconscious Mind, JOURNAL PSYCHE, 

University of Texas at Austin, American Psychoanalytic Association (APsaA).

Transactional Analysis and Automatic Processing

Transactional Analysis and Automatic Processing

Transactional Analysis [1] states that human personality is made up of three elements which he referred to as Parent, Adult and Child.  . In any given situation an individual will exhibit a certain pattern of behavior which corresponds to the way that person is actually feeling at the time. As feelings change, so also do the patterns of behavior which the person displays.

The Parent ego state represents a set of thoughts, feelings and behavior which are derived from parental figures.  Parent ego state enables people to respond automatically in many situations.  This

enables the person to react quickly and without unnecessary energy.  Parent  ego state has all the attributes of any automatic process.

Contrary to the controlled processes automatic processes [2]  involve selection without awareness. These processes are effortless, fast, and can be carried out concurrently with other processes without compromising performance. Once automatic processes are initiated, they are difficult to modify.  So, if a person raises his/her voice it is very unlikely that it will stop before its content ends.

Also, automatic processes typically do not produce changes in declarative long-term memory. Consequently, a person may drive home from work on ‘auto-pilot’ and have no conscious memory of the trip.  This may be the reason why people do not remember much after they quarrel loudly.

The automatic processes are performed automatically but they can also be executed consciously.  They are part of the subconscious.  The preconscious (subconscious)- consists of anything that could potentially be brought into the conscious mind[1].  Subconscious defines all reactions and automatic actions we can become aware of if we think about them.

For example, our ability to drive a car: once we get skilled we stop thinking which gears to use, which pedals to press, or which mirror to look at, yet can always become aware of what was done once we think about it [3].

The subconscious is the transition between unconscious and conscious.  It is an interface with which conscious communicates with the unconscious.  It also helps to hide the plethora of information/feelings etc. that reside in the unconscious [4].

It is not rare that we hear an ATCO shouting at a pilot.  It is possibly an automatic, unintentional behavior which is triggered similar to a situation in her/his childhood and carried by the parent ego.

The sudden feeling of fear from controlling parents at childhood may trigger shouting.  It is not likely that the shouting person can modify his/her behavior during the intercourse.  The use of standard pilot - ATCO jargon-like in 4444 may reduce the risks related to this situation.

REFERENCES:

[1] Aldi Yudha; Counselling Skills and theory, 4th Edition by Margaret Hough (2014)

[2]  LANA M. TRICKy*, JAMES T. ENNSz, JESSICA MILLSz and JOHN VAVRIKx, ‘Paying attention behind the wheel: a framework for studying the roleof attention in driving’,Theor. Issues in Ergon. Sci. September–October 2004, vol. 5, no. 5, 385–424, (yDepartment of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, zUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,xInsurance Corporation of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada)

[3] The Structure of the Mind, According to Freud, By Kendra Cherry   Updated March 11, 2019

[4] Gregory Mitchell; The Cognitive Unconscious

https://mind-development.eu/cognitive-subconscious.html

[5] Dr. Robert Williams; Processing Information with Nonconscious Mind, JOURNAL PSYCHE, 

University of Texas at Austin, American Psychoanalytic Association (APsaA).