Social Structure and Goal Structure

SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND GOAL STRUCTURE

Edwin Hutchins, Cognition_in_the_Wild

...

When a problem has a deeply nested goal structure , a social hierarchy can provide a mechanism

for distributing the attention to various parts of the goal structure .  Social structure and problem representation both interact with goal structure in the implementations of solutions to the problem of sequential control of action .

Going Beyond the job description             

One important aspect of the social disuibution of this task is that the knowledge required to carry out the coordinating actions is not discretely contained inside the various individuals . Rather, much of the knowledge is intersubjectively shared among the members of the navigation team. This permits the human component of the system to act as a malleable and adaptable coordinating tissue, the

job of which is to see to it that the proper coordinating activities are carried out

Shared Task Performances

This ad hoc division of labor was based on a shared understanding  of the microstructure of the task. There was no verbal negotiation of the parts of the task to be done by each man; they simply created this coordination in the doing of the task. The social skills required to enter into shared task-performance relationships probably develop fairly early in life.

Flexibility and Robustness

If one human component fails for lack of knowledge , the whole system does not grind to a halt . If the task becomes difficult or communications break down , the navigation team does not have the option of stopping work . The task is driven by events and must be performed as long as the ship is underway .  In response to a breakdown , the system adapts by changing the nominal division of labor .

The social structure is not only the framework on which the communication is based, it is also the mechanism that is in place prior to the interactions to ensure that they take place as required .

Why should the pelorus operator cooperate? Because adequate performance is the currency of social interaction .

Performance as language of social interaction

A student was making a point about what people do at work, saying that in an auto factory people mostly make cars. Roy said something like: "How do you know what they are doing? Maybe

what they are making is social relationships and the cars are a side effect."

Sosyal Ekip Örgütlenmesi Tipleri

Sosyal Ekip Örgütlenmesi Tipleri

The Types of Social Team Organization ^[1]

İki grubun muhakemesel başarıları arasındaki farklar tamamen dağıtılmış muhakemenin sosyal örgütlenmesindeki farklara dayanır, hiç te iki gruptaki şahısların muhakemesel özellikleri arasındaki farklara değil.

The differences in the cognitive accomplishments of any two groups might depend entirely on differences in the social organization of distributed cognition and not at all on differences in the cognitive properties of individuals in the two groups .

Paralel Faaliyetler - Parallel Activities

Belki de en belirgin özellik, ekip elemanlarının faaliyetlerinin paralel olarak gerçekleşmesidir.  Tek bir problem üzerinde çalışan iki ekip elemanının faaliyetlerinin eşgüdümünde(koordinasyon) iki işlevsel sistem daha büyük bir işlevsel sisteme bütünleştirilebilir.

Perhaps the most obvious property is that the activities of the members of the team take place in parallel .   Two functional systems may be assembled into a larger functional system in the coordination of the activities of the two crew members who work together on a single problem.

Tepeden aşağıya tabandan tepeye - Top down bottom up

Bir “tabandan tepeye” bilgi işlem sürecinde giriş değerleri daha yüksek soyutlama seviyelerine ilerletilir.

Örn. Geminin dünya ile ilişkisinin gösterimi, sembolik biçime dönüştürülür ve haritaya ulaşıncaya kadar bir dizi ortamdan geçirilir.

In  a "bottom-up " information process input values are propagated upto a higher level of abstraction. For ex. the representation of the relationship of the ship to the world is transformed into symbolic form and moved across a set of media until it arrives at the chart.

İnsan arayüalerinnin tipleri - The Types of Human Interfaces

İnsan ve örgütsel arayüzlerinin oluşturulması sayısızdır.

The creation of human and organizational interfaces to tasks is ubiquitous.

Algı Çevrimleri - Daemons

Bir göreve yönelik arayüz çeşiti sıklıkla bilgisayar biliminde daemon(algı çevrimi) ile adlandırılır.  Bir algı çevrimi dünyayı belirli bir özel koşul bekliyerek sürekli algılayan bir unsurdur.  Tetikleyici koşul gerçekleştiğinde, algı çevrimi belirli bir faaliyeti yapar.

A commonly created sort of interface to a task is what in computer science is called a daemon. A daemon is an agent that monitors a world waiting for certain specified conditions . When the trigger

conditions exist , the daemon takes a specified action.

Tamponlar - Buffers

Bilgi tamponları, işleri gözlemlerini hemen hemen aynı anda yapmak olan operatörleri mümkün kılar.

Bir seyrüsefer ekibinin elemanları tarafından yapılan işlerin gelişme hızları arasında büyük farklar olabilir.  Tamponlama faaliyeti bir operatörün zamansal sınırlarının başka bir operatörün zamansal sınırları ile kesişmemesi için sisteme gevşeklik verir.  Her operatör ikilisi, gönderici ve alıcı aşırı yüklenmediği zaman iletişime müsaade eder.

Information buffers enable the operators , whose job is to make the observations as nearly simultaneously as is possible  to operate asynchronously . There may be a great deal of variation in the pace of the work done by the members of a navigation team. The buffering activity introduces slack into the system so that the temporal constraints of an operator do not interfere with the temporal constraints of an other operator.   Each pair of operators  permits communication to take place when the sender and the receiver are not overloaded.

Tamponlama, sistemin “gevşek bağlantılanmasına” katkıda bulunur.  Tamponlama, sistemin bir kısmından diğerine kontrolsüz etkilerin yayılmasını önler.  Tamponlama, paralel çalışan süreçlerin arasında zarar verici kesişimleri engeller.

Buffering contributes to " loose coupling " of the system. The buffering prevents the uncontrol led propagation of effects from one part of the system to another . Buffering provides protection against destructive interference between processes running in parallel .

İletişim ve Bellek - Communication and Memory

Bireyel koşullarda şahsi bellek tarafından yapılan işin yerini grup koşullarında şahıslar arasındaki iletişim alır.

The work that is done by individual memory in the solo condition is replaced in the group condition by interpersonal communication .

Eğer şahsi belleği, zaman içinde şahsın kendisi ile iletişimi olarak düşünürsek, şahıslar arasındaki iletişimin şahıs içindeki iletişimin yerini alması, bir görevin ekip tarafından gerçekleştirilmesi için doğal bir sonuç olur.

If we think of individual memory as communication with the self over time, then the replacement of intrapersonal communication by interpersonal communication is an expected consequence of the move from individual to team performance of a task.

Eylemin Sıralı Kontrolü - Sequential Control of Action 

Bir orkestrada sırasal kontrol her bir müzisyenin, parçanın bütününün planını bilmesi ve aynı zamanda parça içinde kendi kısmının her geliş sırasını bilmesi ile başarılır.

Sequential control in an orchestra is achieved by having every musician know the plan of the entire piece and also know the place of every instance of his own part within the piece.

Eğer çalışmasına müsaade edilmiş herhangi bir işlem, müsaade edilmiş başka herhangi bir işlemi hiç birzaman engellemeyecekse, o işlemleri içeren süreç sırasal olarak sınırlandırılmamıştır.  Bu düzenekte

aktif unsurlar arasında ortak bir çevreye etki etmeleri dışında hiç bir iletişim yoktur.  Her unsur  yalnız onunla karşılaştığında üzerinde işlem yapabileceği eylemleri icra edebilir.

A procedure is sequentially unconstrained if the execution of any   enabled operation will never disable any other enabled but as yet unexecuted operation . In this scheme, there is no communication between the active agents other than their effects on a shared environment . Each agent simply mills

about taking actions only when he encounters situations on which he can act.

Eğer izin verilmiş bir işlem henüz icra edilmemiş herhangi başka bir  işlemi engellerse, onları içeren süreç sıralı olarak sınırlandırılmıştır.  Sıralı sınırlamalar olan yerde,  eylemlerin sırası üzerinde bir miktar kontrol gereklidir.  Sıra kontrollü bir sürecin icrası, planlama ve  geriye doğru iz sürme gerektirir.

A procedure is sequentially constrained if the execution of any enabled operation will disable any other enabled but as yet unexecuted operation . Where there are sequential constraints , it is  necessary to have some control over the sequence of actions .  The performance of a sequentially constrained procedure may require planning or backtracking .

Bir Üretim Ekibi olarak Seyrüsefer Ekibi - Navigation Team as a Production Team

Sıra sınırlamasız süreçler kolaylıkla dağıtılabilir veya çok gevşek bağıntılı sistemlerle çözülebilir.  Sıra sınırlamaya sahip görevler yapılacak eylemler arasında bir miktar eşgüdüm gerektirir.  Bu eşgüdümü elde etmek için bir çok yol vardır.  Genel davranış desenini bir yazı, bir nota, veya genel bir planla belirlemek sıralama problemine bariz bir çözümdür.

Sequentially unconstrained procedures are easily distributed or can be solved by very loosely interconnected systems. Tasks that have sequential constraints require some coordination among the  actions to be taken. There are many ways to achieve this coordination . Specifying the overall pattern of behavior in a script , a score, or an overall plan is an obvious solution to the sequencing problem

Gerçekte, ekibin davranışını, sistem içinde herhangi bir yerde bir yazı ya da plan olmadan uygun bir sıra içinde düzenlemesi mümkündür.  Her bir ekip elemanın çevresinde hangi koşullar oluştuğunda ne yapacağını bilmesi yeterlidir.

In fact, it is possible for the team to organize its behavior in an appropriate sequence without there being a global script or plan anywhere in the system. Each crew member only needs to know what to do when certain conditions are produced in the environment.  

[1] Outlined from Edwin Hutchins, Cognition_in_the_Wild

The Types of Social Team Organization

The Types of Social Team Organization ^[1]

The differences in the cognitive accomplishments of any two groups might depend entirely on differences in the social organization of distributed cognition and not at all on differences in the cognitive properties of individuals in the two groups .

Parallel Activities

Perhaps the most obvious property is that the activities of the members of the team take place in parallel .   Two functional systems may be assembled into a larger functional system in the coordination of the activities of the two crew members who work together on a single problem.

Top down bottom up

In  a "bottom-up " information process input values are propagated upto a higher level of abstraction. For ex. the representation of the relationship of the ship to the world is transformed into symbolic form and moved across a set of media until it arrives at the chart.

The Types of Human Interfaces

The creation of human and organizational interfaces to tasks is ubiquitous.

Daemons

A commonly created sort of interface to a task is what in computer science is called a daemon. A daemon is an agent that monitors a world waiting for certain specified conditions . When the trigger

conditions exist , the daemon takes a specified action.

Buffers

Information buffers enable the operators , whose job is to make the observations as nearly simultaneously as is possible  to operate asynchronously . There may be a great deal of variation in the pace of the work done by the members of a navigation team. The buffering activity introduces slack into the system so that the temporal constraints of an operator do not interfere with the temporal constraints of an other operator.   Each pair of operators  permits communication to take place when the sender and the receiver are not overloaded.

Buffering contributes to " loose coupling " of the system. The buffering prevents the uncontrolled propagation of effects from one part of the system to another . Buffering provides protection against destructive interference between processes running in parallel .

Communication and Memory

The work that is done by individual memory in the solo condition is replaced in the group condition by interpersonal communication .

If we think of individual memory as communication with the self over time, then the replacement of intrapersonal communication by interpersonal communication is an expected consequence of the move from individual to team performance of a task.

Sequential Control of Action 

Sequential control in an orchestra is achieved by having every musician know the plan of the entire piece and also know the place of every instance of his own part within the piece.

A procedure is sequentially unconstrained if the execution of any   enabled operation will never disable any other enabled but as yet unexecuted operation . In this scheme, there is no communication between the active agents other than their effects on a shared environment . Each agent simply mills about taking actions only when he encounters situations on which he can act.

A procedure is sequentially constrained if the execution of any enabled operation will disable any other enabled but as yet unexecuted operation . Where there are sequential constraints , it is  necessary to have some control over the sequence of actions .  The performance of a sequentially constrained procedure may require planning or backtracking .

Navigation Team as a Production Team

Sequentially unconstrained procedures are easily distributed or can be solved by very loosely interconnected systems. Tasks that have sequential constraints require some coordination among the  actions to be taken. There are many ways to achieve this coordination . Specifying the overall pattern of behavior in a script , a score, or an overall plan is an obvious solution to the sequencing problem

In fact, it is possible for the team to organize its behavior in an appropriate sequence without there being a global script or plan anywhere in the system. Each crew member only needs to know what to do when certain conditions are produced in the environment.  

[1] Outlined from Edwin Hutchins, Cognition_in_the_Wild