Acil Durum Yönetimi için Teorik bir Zemin - 4
A theoretical basis for emergency management - 4
Sistemin Bir Modeli Olmalı
There must be a model of the system
Tıpkı bir süreç kontrol bağlamında
uygun eylem dizisini seçmek için gereken bir modeli seçmeye ait bilgi gibi.
Brehmer (1994a) says that in military
contexts, the term ”situational awareness” is often used to denote what is here
called a model. He says that situational awareness involves having an overview
of the situation with some idea of what is about to happen. He says further
that it is thus the kind of knowledge that is required to choose an appropriate
course of action, just as the model is what is required to choose the
appropriate course of action in, say, a process control context.
Decision makers acting in short time scales
according to Klein's model RPDM (as discussed above) have got their models or
situational awareness mostly from experience. The experience has built up integrated
and tacit models of typical situations and possible courses of action in these
situations. This ”tacit knowledge” is what the decision maker uses in an
intuitive way.
The decision makers’ work on longer time
scales often means co-ordinating decision makers working on shorter time
scales. The situations are often very complex and are seldom typical situations
which can be a base for experience and recognition. The decision work has to
consist of mental work part of that work. In this the work consists of forming
mental representations of both present conditions and anticipated possible
conditions.
Emergency management as cognitive modelling
Daha uzun zaman ölçeklerinde yönetimi karışıklık, dinamiklik ve kapalılık ile ilgili, kısa zaman ölçeklerinde ise yönetimi çok sayıda karar vericinin eşgüdümü ile ilgili olarak görmek mümkündür.
The conclusion of the reasoning above is
that it is possible to see management concerning the coping with complexity,
dynamics and opaqueness in longer time scales and concerning co-ordination of
several decision makers working in shorter time scales as cognitive modelling.
...Yönetim işi karışıklık, dinamiklik ve kapalılık ile farklı somut ve pratik açılardan baş edebilmek için modeller yapmaktan oluşur. Bütün durumun kısa ve uzun dönemde ölçeğini belirlemek, farklı dönemlerdeki eylem planlarını, genel bir amaç ve ona ulaşmak için farklı hedefleri, farklı kuruluşların imkanlarını, farklı kurtarma kuruluşlarının eşgüdümünü vb. belirlemek ile ilgilidir.
The management work consists of forming
models for coping with complexity, dynamics and opaqueness in different
concrete and practical aspects. It concerns for example the sizing up of the
whole situation in the short and long term, an over-all aim and different goals
in order to reach the over-all aim, courses of action in different periods of
time, different organisations’ resources, co-ordination of different rescue organisations,
etc.
References:
[1] Brehmer, B. (1987). System Design and
the Psychology of Complex Systems. From: Empirical Foundations of Information
and Software Science III. Edited by Jens Rasmussen and Pranas Zunde. Plenum
Publishing Corporation.
[2] Brehmer, B. (1994a). Dynamic Decision
Making: a Paradigm for the Study of Problems of Command and Control? Manuscript
to a report. FOA.
[3] Brehmer, B. (1994b). Distributed
Decision Making in Dynamic Environments. Manuscript to a report. FOA.
Klein, G. Calderwood, R. Clinton-Cirocco,
A. (1986). Rapid Decision Making on the Fire Ground. Proceedings of the human
factors society - 30th annual meeting - 1986.
[4] Klein, G. A. (1993). A
Recognition-Primed Decision (RPD) Model of Rapid Decision Making. In Klein,
Orasanu, Calderwood, Zsambok 1993: Decision Making in Action. Models and Methods.
Ablex Publishing Corporation. Norwood. New Jersey.
[5] Klein, GA. Orasanu, J. Calderwood, R. Zsambok, CE. (1993). Decision Making in Action: Models and Methods. Ablex Publishing Corporation. Norwood. New Jersey. Larsson, L. Nohrstedt, SA. (1994). ”Det ser verkligen illa ut...” Kommunikationsproblemi samband med Estoniakatastrofen. Styrelsen för psykologiskt försvar. Stockholm (in Swedish).