Durum Farklılığı Nasıl Oluşturulur

Durum Farklılığı Nasıl Oluşturulur?

How is Situation Awareness Created?

1-      Niyetlerinizi ve görev-listenizi belirleyiniz.

You must set your intentions and task-list.

2-      Görev listenize göre hedeflerinizi belirleyiniz.

You must set your goals according to your task-list.

3-      Periodik olarak çalıştırılacak prosedürü net bir şekilde tanımlayınız.

You must clearly identify the procedure to be executed periodically.

4-      Bu prosedür basit ve kendi içinde bir bütün olmalıdır.

This procedure must be simple and homogenous.

5-      İlk defasında bilinçli olarak (dikkatle) bu prosedürün otomatik çalışmasını başlatınız.

You must initiate the automatic execution of this procedure by executing

the first time consciously(with attention).

6-      Bir sönme süresinden sonra otomatikliğin kendiliğinden biteceğini unutmayınız. Bu otomatik süreci arada sırada güncellemelisiniz çünkü bir sönme süresi sonunda isteğiniz dışında durur.

Do not forget that after a decay period of time automaticity will end. You have to update this automatic process once in a while as it stops involuntarily after a decay period.

7-      Eğer başka nedenlerle  aşırı dikkat gerekirse otomatiklik kaybolabilir.  Bu durumda otomatikliği yeniden başlatmanız gerekir.

If excessive attention is required for other reasons automaticity may be lost. You have to reinitiate the automaticity in this case.

8-      Zor durumlarda, prosedürü bilinçli çalıştırmak için bölünmüş dikkat kullanabilirsiniz.

In cases of difficult situations, you may use divided attention to use conscious execution of the procedure.

9-      Dikkat ettiğiniz ikinci olayın kapanışını veya farkındalığın kaybolduğunu ikincil görevin kapanışının doğası gereği farketmeyeceğinizi unutmayınız[1].

Do not forget that you will not notice the closure of the secondary attended event or the disappearence of awareness due to the nature of the closure of the secondary task[1].

BİR ÖRNEK:

        Otomobil sürerken arka(orta) aynanın kullanımı.

Using the rear mirror during driving a car.

1-      Arabanızın arkasındaki arabaların davranışlarının farkında olmak istiyorsunuz.

You want to be aware of the behaviour of cars behind your car.

2-      Arabınıza yakın, arka pencereden görülen herhangi bir hareketi fark etmek istiyorsunuz.

You would like to notice any movement at the rear window that is close to your car.

3-      Arka aynada beliren bu hareket bilincinizde aniden ortaya çıkmalı ve otomatik olarak fark etmenizi sağlamalı.

This movement appearing at the rear mirror should popup to your consciousness and make you notice automaticly.

4-      Bu uyarı, sizi arabanın önündeki görüntüyü kaybetmeden, arka aynaya çok kısa bir bakışla baktırmalı.

This should make you look at the rear window with a very short look without losing the view in the front of the car.

5-      Arka aynaya bir defa bilinçle bakarak bu prosedürü başlatmalısınız.

You should initiate this procedure by looking at the rear mirror once.

6-      Bu otomatik süreci arada sırada güncellemelisiniz çünkü bir sönme süresi sonunda isteğiniz dışında durur.

You have to update this automatic process once in a while as it stops involuntarily after a decay period.

7-       Eğer arabanın önünde bir şey ya da araba içinde derin konularda bir sohbet gibi başka durumlar nedeni ile aşırı dikkat kullanılırsa otomatiklik kaybolabilir. Arka aynaya bir kere bakarak süreci yeniden başlatmanız gerekir.

If excessive attention is used for other cases, such as something in the front or somebody talking deep subjects in the car, automaticity may be lost.  You have to reinitiate the process again,by looking once at the rear mirror.

8-      Zor durumlarda bölünmüş dikkat kullanarak, arka aynayı sık sık kontrol edebilirsiniz ve aynı zamanda arabanın önüne bakabilirsiniz.

In difficult situations, you can check the rear mirror frequently and look at the front of the car at the same time using divided attention.

9-      Bölünmüş dikkati veya farkındalık otomatikliğini kullanırken, arabanın arkasındaki durumun farkındalığını kaybettiğinizi hissetmeyeceğinizi unutmayınız.

Do not forget that you will not notice you have lost the awareness of the situation at the behind of the car in case of using divided attention or awareness automaticity.

REFERENCES:

[1] Saral, Ali R., ‘Closure of the Secondary Task’, (2018)

 https://largesystems-atc.blogspot.com/2018/11/closure-of-secondary-task.html

How is Situation Awareness Created

How is Situation Awareness Created?

1-      You must set your intentions and task-list.

2-      You must set your goals according to your task-list.

3-      You must clearly identify the procedure to be executed periodically.

4-      This procedure must be simple and homogenous.

5-      You must initiate the automatic execution of this procedure by executing

the first time consciously(with attention).

6-      Do not forget that after a decay period of time automaticity will end. You have to update this automatic process once in a while as it stops involuntarily after a decay period.

7-      If excessive attention is required for other reasons automaticity may be lost.

You have to reinitiate the automaticity in this case.

8-      In cases of difficult situations, you may use divided attention to use conscious

execution of the procedure.

9-      Do not forget that you will not notice the closure of the secondary attended event or the disappearence of awareness due to the nature of the closure of the secondary task[1].

AN EXAMPLE:

                Using the rear mirror during driving a car.

1-      You want to be aware of the behaviour of cars behind your car.

2-      You would like to notice any movement at the rear window that is close to your car.

3-      This movement appearing at the rear mirror should popup to your consciousness and

make you notice automaticly.

4-      This should make you look at the rear mirror with a very short look without losing the view in the front of the car.

5-      You should initiate this procedure by looking at the rear mirror once.

6-      You have to update this automatic process once in a while as it stops involuntarily after a decay period.

7-      If excessive attention is used for other cases, such as something in the front or somebody talking deep subjects in the car, automaticity may be lost.  You have to reinitiate the process again,by looking once at the rear mirror.

8-      In difficult situations, you can check the rear mirror frequently and look at the front of the car at the same time using divided attention.

9-      Do not forget that you will not notice you have lost the awareness of the situation at the behind of the car in case of using divided attention or awareness automaticity.

REFERENCES:

[1] Saral, Ali R., ‘Closure of the Secondary Task’, (2018)

 https://largesystems-atc.blogspot.com/2018/11/closure-of-secondary-task.html

Farkındalık: Bilinçaltının Bir Otomatik Süreci

FARKINDALIK BİLİNÇALTININ BİR OTOMATİK SÜRECİDİR

AWARENESS IS AN AUTOMATIC PROCESS OF THE SUBCONSCIOUS

Ali Riza SARAL

Karışık dinamik görevler sık sık, bir otomobili uzun mesafede kullanmak gibi, tekrarlanan benzer olaylardan oluşur[2].  Bugünün uçaklarının pilotu, hava trafik kontrolörü, enerji santralı operatörü, anestezi uamanı: bunların hepsi genellikle çok hızla değişen, sınırlı ama büyük bir veri dizisini algılamak ve anlamak zorundadır[3].

Complex dynamic tasks are frequently formed of repetitive similar events[2] like driving a car in long distance.   The pilot of today’s aircraft, the air traffic controller, the power plant operator, the anesthesiologist: all must perceive and comprehend a limited but large array of data which is often changing very rapidly[3].

“Farkındalık iyi-tanımlanmış bir ortamı önceden-belirlenmiş bir işlem-süreci ile otomatik olarak tekrarlayarak algılamaktır.[1.1]” Otomatik tekrarlama bilinçaltı tarafından yapılır.

“Awareness is the automatic repetition of sensing a well-defined environment with a pre-assigned procedure.  Conscious awareness occurs when awareness is not automatic.[1.1]”   The automatic repetition is done by the subconscious.

McGowan Alastair’in tezi, Durumsal Farkındalığa Aracılık Eden Muhakemesel Etkenler’de şunu ileri sürer: “bilinçli farkındalık(explicit SA), ve yalnız davranıştan çıkartılabilen durum farkındalığı(implicit SA) arasında bir ayrım yapmak gereklidir.[2.2]”  Burada, ‘explicit awareness’ ‘bilinçli farkındalık’ ve ‘implicit awareness’ ‘farkındalık’ yerine kullanılmaktadır, [1.1]’e göre.  ‘impllicit awareness’ olguyu değil onun dışarıdan nasıl görüldüğünü tarif etmektedir.  Aynı zamanda, McGowan’ın isim verdiği farkındalık içinde implicit olan şey ‘bilinçli farkındalık’ ya da ‘explicit awareness’ içinde de vardır.

McGowan, Alastair’s article, COGNITIVE FACTORS MEDIATING SITUATION AWARENESS, states “a distinction is necessary between conscious awareness (explicit SA), and SA that can only be inferred from behaviour (implicit SA).[2.2]” in his Thesis.  Here, ‘Explicit awareness’ describes ‘conscious awareness’ and ‘implicit awareness’ describes ‘awareness’ as described in [1.1].  The term ‘implicit awareness’ does not describe what the phenomenon is but it describes how it is seen from the outside.  Also what is ‘implicit’ in awareness exists also in ‘conscious awareness’ or ‘explicit awareness’ as coined by McGowan.

McGowan daha ileri giderek “bir kişi bir arabayı uzun bir süre kullandığında ve daha sonra ne yaptığını hatırlamadığında[2.4]” ve “Eğer bir kişi bilinçli farkındalık olmadan, gerçek zamanda adaptif davranış gerektiren ve karışık dinamik bir görev olan bir otomobili etkin veya emniyetli sürebilirse, bilinçli farkındalık o  görevi yapmak için gerekli kabul edilemez[2.4]. ”

McGowan states further on “when a person has driven a car for a period and cannot subsequently recall having done so[2.4]” and “ If a person can drive a car effectively or safely, a complex dynamic task which requires real-time adaptive behaviour, without conscious awareness then conscious awareness cannot be deemed entirely necessary to the performance of that task[2.4]”

“bilinçli farkındalık ile bilinçdışı farkındalık” arasında bir ayrım yapar.

He makes the distinction between “without conscious awareness and conscious awareness”.

McGowan daha ileri inceleyerek: “içsel farkındalığın bilinçli kontrol gerektirmeyen otomatik işlemle aynı şekilde  bilinç-dışı olduğu söylenebilir.[2.5]”

McGowan further elaborates as “ implicit awareness can be said to be non-conscious in the same way that automatic processing does not require conscious control[2.5]”

Bu, benim şu ifadem ile tamamen benzerdir: “Farkındalık bir bilinçaltı olgusudur.  Farkındalığın sınırlarının ve içeriğinin belirlenmesi için, niyetler ve görev listelerine karar veren  bilinç tarafından kurulması gerekir.  Bilinçaltı bilinç tarafından koşullanabilir.[1.2]”

This is totally similar with my statement: “Awareness is a subconscious phenomenon. Subconscious has to be setup by the conscious which decides the intentions and task lists so that the limits and the content of the awareness are determined.  Subconscious can be conditioned by conscious[1.2]”

Farkındalığın bilinçaltı tarafından yapıldığını iddia etmek bilinçaltını bilinç ile koşullama olasılığını ortaya çıkartır: “Bilinçdışı işleme yönetsel kontrole duyarlıdır ve yalnız muhakemesel sistem ona uygun ayarlandıysa meydana çıkar.[5]” Bu olgu, farkındalığın bir görev ile ilişkili hedefe yönlenmesi gerekliliğinde görülebilir.[4]”

Stating that awareness is done by subconscious yields the possibility of conditioning the subconscious by the conscious as in :” unconscious processing is susceptible to executive control and is only elicited if the cognitive system is configured accordingly.[5]”  This may be viewed in the necessity of awareness to be directed at some task-related goal[4].

Bilinçaltının bir otomatik süreci olmak otomatik süreçlerle ilgili gözlemlerin ‘farkındalığa’ uygulanabilir olduğuna işaret eder: “Otomatik ve kontrollü süreçler arasındaki ayrım: Kontrollü süreçler sınırlı kapasitelidir ve dikkate dayanırlar.  Bir otomatik süreci değiştirmek kontrollü bir süreci değiştirmekten daha zordur çünkü otomatiklik bilinçli kontrolün erişimine yüksek derecede kapalıdır, öte yandan kontrollü süreçler tanım gereği erişilebilir ve kontrol edilebilirdir.[2]”

Being an automatic process of the subconscious implies that the observations on automatic processes applies also to ‘awareness’: “The  distinction between  automatic and controlled processing:  Controlled processing has a limited capacity and depends on attention. Modifying an automatic process is more difficult than modifying a controlled process, since automaticity is highly inaccessible to conscious control, whereas by definition controlled processes are  accessible  and controllable. [2]”

References:

[1]  Saral, Ali R.; Consciousness vs Awareness

https://largesystems-atc.blogspot.com/2019/05/consciousness-vs-awareness.html

[1.1] “Awareness is the automatic repetition of sensing a well-defined environment with a pre-assigned procedure.  Conscious awareness occurs when awareness is not automatic.[1.1]” 

 [1.2] “Awareness is a subconscious phenomenon. Subconscious has to be setup by the conscious which decides the intentions and task lists so that the limits and the content of the awareness are determined.  Subconscious can be conditioned by conscious[1]. Once the limits of the subject area is set and the details of actions to be taken are determined the procedure is activated repeatedly in the given subject area.  This causes us to ‘feel’ a sense of awareness for a while.  This process continues either for a decay period of time or like every feeling ends as soon as this awareness is explicitly addressed.”

[2] McGowan, Alastair; COGNITIVE FACTORS MEDIATING SITUATION AWARENESS, Thesis submitted to Cardiff University, 2006

[2.1] “distraction from focusing on known cognitive processes and their relationships with factors in the world that are critical to the performance of complex dynamic tasks”.

[2.2] “a distinction is necessary between conscious awareness (explicit SA), and SA that can only be inferred from behaviour (implicit SA).”

[2.3] Implicit and explicit SA

Implicit awareness is that which is inferred from behaviour, in human factors research this is usually within the context of a task. In order to respond correctly to a given situation other than by chance a person must have had awareness of relevant information at some level,  since processing of that information is  a logical necessity for performance of the task. This is irrespective of whether or not the person is able to consciously articulate the relevant information content that she has been processing. Implicit awareness is therefore  awareness deduced from behaviour observed in relation to a task. Explicit awareness can be defined as occurring when the  operator  can articulate information about a situation. These two forms of awareness may be experienced differently and they may be processed differently, although ultimately they both serve the same function of performance on a task.

 [2.4] Driving without awareness mode (DWAM; e.g., May & Gale, 1998) occurs when a person has driven a car for a period and cannot subsequently recall having done so. If a person can drive a car effectively or safely, a complex dynamic task which requires real-time adaptive behaviour, without conscious awareness then conscious awareness cannot be deemed entirely necessary to the performance of that task. It is therefore proposed that explicit SA (conscious awareness) is not a necessary condition for performance. This is not to say that conscious awareness cannot enhance performance in certain situations (e.g., novel situations) but that explicit SA is not always a prerequisite for adequate performance.

[2.5] The distinction between implicit and explicit awareness is conceptually  related to Shiffrin and Schnieder's  (1977) distinction between automatic and controlled processing. That is, implicit awareness can be said to be non-conscious in the same way that automatic processing does not require conscious control and hence conscious awareness.  In contrast, explicit awareness equates with conscious awareness and relates to controlled processing.

[3] Patrick, J. And James. N. (2004) A task-oriented perspective of situation awareness.

“the awareness must necessarily be directed at some task-related goal. That is, the situation is always within the context of a task and its goal (Patrick & James, 2004)”.

[4] Endsley, M. R. and Garland D. J (Eds.) (2000) THEORETICAL UNDERPINNINGS OF SITUATION AWARENESS: A CRITICAL REVIEW, Situation Awareness Analysis and Measurement. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

[5] A short outline and translation of

Markus Kiefer, “ Executive control over unconscious cognition: attentional sensitization of unconscious information processing”,  Front Hum Neurosci. 2012; 6: 61.

https://largesystems-atc.blogspot.com/2013/05/bilincsiz-muhakeme-uzerinde-yonetsel.html

 “Bilinçsiz süreçler kasıtlı niyet olmadan harekete geçirilen otomatik süreçlerin tipik örneğidir(Posner and Snyder, 1975).
Unconscious processes are prototypical examples of automatic processes, which are initiated without deliberate intention (Posner and Snyder, 1975).

Klasik otomatiklik teorileri bu tür bilinçsiz otomatik süreçlerin yönetsel kontrol mekanizmalarından bağımsız olarak tamamen en aşağıdan-yukarıya şekilde oluştuğunu kabul eder.

Classical theories of automaticity assume that such unconscious automatic processes occur in a purely bottom-up driven fashion independent of executive control mechanisms. 

Bu klasik teorilere karşıt olarak, bilinçsiz bilgi işleme ile ilgili dikkatsel duyarlaştırma modeli, bilinçsiz işleyişin yönetsel kontrolün etkisine açık olduğunu ve, bunun yalnızca muhakemesel sistem ona uygun şeklide kurulmuş ise mümkün olduğunu ileri sürer.

In contrast to these classical theories, our attentional sensitization model of unconscious information processing proposes that unconscious processing is susceptible to executive control and is only elicited if the cognitive system is configured accordingly.”

Awareness: An Automatic Process of the Subconscious

AWARENESS IS AN AUTOMATIC PROCESS OF THE SUBCONSCIOUS

Ali Riza SARAL

Complex dynamic tasks are frequently formed of repetitive similar events[2] like driving a car in long distance.   The pilot of today’s aircraft, the air traffic controller, the power plant operator, the anesthesiologist: all must perceive and comprehend a limited but large array of data which is often changing very rapidly[3].

“Awareness is the automatic repetition of sensing a well-defined environment with a pre-assigned procedure.  Conscious awareness occurs when awareness is not automatic.[1.1]”   The automatic repetition is done by the subconscious.

McGowan, Alastair’s article, COGNITIVE FACTORS MEDIATING SITUATION AWARENESS, states “a distinction is necessary between conscious awareness (explicit SA), and SA that can only be inferred from behaviour (implicit SA).[2.2]” in his Thesis.  Here, ‘Explicit awareness’ describes ‘conscious awareness’ and ‘implicit awareness’ describes ‘awareness’ as described in [1.1].  The term ‘implicit awareness’ does not describe what the phenomenon is but it describes how it is seen from the outside.  Also what is ‘implicit’ in awareness exists also in ‘conscious awareness’ or ‘explicit awareness’ as coined by McGowan.

McGowan states further on “when a person has driven a car for a period and cannot subsequently recall having done so[2.4]” and “ If a person can drive a car effectively or safely, a complex dynamic task which requires real-time adaptive behaviour, without conscious awareness then conscious awareness cannot be deemed entirely necessary to the performance of that task[2.4]”

He makes the distinction between “without conscious awareness and conscious awareness”.

McGowan further elaborates as “ implicit awareness can be said to be non-conscious in the same way that automatic processing does not require conscious control[2.5]”

This is totally similar with my statement: “Awareness is a subconscious phenomenon. Subconscious has to be setup by the conscious which decides the intentions and task lists so that the limits and the content of the awareness are determined.  Subconscious can be conditioned by conscious[1.2]”

Stating that awareness is done by subconscious yields the possibility of conditioning the subconscious by the conscious as in :” In contrast to these classical theories, our attentional sensitization model of unconscious information processing proposes that unconscious processing is susceptible to executive control and is only elicited if the cognitive system is configured accordingly.[5]”  This may be viewed in the necessity of awareness to be directed at some task-related goal[4].

Being an automatic process of the subconscious implies that the observations on automatic processes applies also to ‘awareness’: “The  distinction between  automatic and controlled processing:  Controlled processing has a limited capacity and depends on attention. Modifying an automatic process is more difficult than modifying a controlled process, since automaticity is highly inaccessible to conscious control, whereas by definition controlled processes are  accessible  and controllable. [2]”

References:

[1]  Saral, Ali R.; Consciousness vs Awareness

https://largesystems-atc.blogspot.com/2019/05/consciousness-vs-awareness.html

[1.1] “Awareness is the automatic repetition of sensing a well-defined environment with a pre-assigned procedure.  Conscious awareness occurs when awareness is not automatic.[1.1]” 

 [1.2] “Awareness is a subconscious phenomenon. Subconscious has to be setup by the conscious which decides the intentions and task lists so that the limits and the content of the awareness are determined.  Subconscious can be conditioned by conscious[1]. Once the limits of the subject area is set and the details of actions to be taken are determined the procedure is activated repeatedly in the given subject area.  This causes us to ‘feel’ a sense of awareness for a while.  This process continues either for a decay period of time or like every feeling ends as soon as this awareness is explicitly addressed.”

[2] McGowan, Alastair; COGNITIVE FACTORS MEDIATING SITUATION AWARENESS, Thesis submitted to Cardiff University, 2006

[2.1] “distraction from focusing on known cognitive processes and their relationships with factors in the world that are critical to the performance of complex dynamic tasks”.

[2.2] “a distinction is necessary between conscious awareness (explicit SA), and SA that can only be inferred from behaviour (implicit SA).”

[2.3] Implicit and explicit SA

Implicit awareness is that which is inferred from behaviour, in human factors research this is usually within the context of a task. In order to respond correctly to a given situation other than by chance a person must have had awareness of relevant information at some level,  since processing of that information is  a logical necessity for performance of the task. This is irrespective of whether or not the person is able to consciously articulate the relevant information content that she has been processing. Implicit awareness is therefore  awareness deduced from behaviour observed in relation to a task. Explicit awareness can be defined as occurring when the  operator  can articulate information about a situation. These two forms of awareness may be experienced differently and they may be processed differently, although ultimately they both serve the same function of performance on a task.

 [2.4] Driving without awareness mode (DWAM; e.g., May & Gale, 1998) occurs when a person has driven a car for a period and cannot subsequently recall having done so. If a person can drive a car effectively or safely, a complex dynamic task which requires real-time adaptive behaviour, without conscious awareness then conscious awareness cannot be deemed entirely necessary to the performance of that task. It is therefore proposed that explicit SA (conscious awareness) is not a necessary condition for performance. This is not to say that conscious awareness cannot enhance performance in certain situations (e.g., novel situations) but that explicit SA is not always a prerequisite for adequate performance.

[2.5] The distinction between implicit and explicit awareness is conceptually  related to Shiffrin and Schnieder's  (1977) distinction between automatic and controlled processing. That is, implicit awareness can be said to be non-conscious in the same way that automatic processing does not require conscious control and hence conscious awareness.  In contrast, explicit awareness equates with conscious awareness and relates to controlled processing.

[3] Patrick, J. And James. N. (2004) A task-oriented perspective of situation awareness.

“the awareness must necessarily be directed at some task-related goal. That is, the situation is always within the context of a task and its goal (Patrick & James, 2004)”.

[4] Endsley, M. R. and Garland D. J (Eds.) (2000) THEORETICAL UNDERPINNINGS OF SITUATION AWARENESS: A CRITICAL REVIEW, Situation Awareness Analysis and Measurement. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

[5] A short outline and translation of

Markus Kiefer, “ Executive control over unconscious cognition: attentional sensitization of unconscious information processing”,  Front Hum Neurosci. 2012; 6: 61.

https://largesystems-atc.blogspot.com/2013/05/bilincsiz-muhakeme-uzerinde-yonetsel.html

 “Bilinçsiz süreçler kasıtlı niyet olmadan harekete geçirilen otomatik süreçlerin tipik örneğidir(Posner and Snyder, 1975).
Unconscious processes are prototypical examples of automatic processes, which are initiated without deliberate intention (Posner and Snyder, 1975).

Klasik otomatiklik teorileri bu tür bilinçsiz otomatik süreçlerin yönetsel kontrol mekanizmalarından bağımsız olarak tamamen en aşağıdan-yukarıya şekilde oluştuğunu kabul eder.

Classical theories of automaticity assume that such unconscious automatic processes occur in a purely bottom-up driven fashion independent of executive control mechanisms. 

Bu klasik teorilere karşıt olarak, bilinçsiz bilgi işleme ile ilgili dikkatsel duyarlaştırma modeli, bilinçsiz işleyişin yönetsel kontrolün etkisine açık olduğunu ve, bunun yalnızca muhakemesel sistem ona uygun şeklide kurulmuş ise mümkün olduğunu ileri sürer.

In contrast to these classical theories, our attentional sensitization model of unconscious information processing proposes that unconscious processing is susceptible to executive control and is only elicited if the cognitive system is configured accordingly.”